Purpose. The aim of this study was to determine: whether and at what stage of education is proper body posture learned, the intention of young adults to participate in activities teaching proper posture, and the effects of factors related with the said intention. Methods. The study involved 430 university students aged 18-24 years. Anthropometric data was collected. Participants completed questionnaires assessing physical activity level (IPAQ) and their intention to participate in extracurricular activities teaching proper posture while sitting or walking, proper running technique, corrective gymnastics, or weight loss exercises. A self-assessment of posture, physical fitness, attractiveness, and body satisfaction was also completed. Results. Lower back pain was experienced by 41% of the respondents. Most were taught proper posture-related habits in primary school, followed by secondary school, and then at university. Many students expressed their intention to participate in the extracurricular activities. None of the questionnaire variables were associated with the intention to learn proper walking posture or proper running technique. The intention to participate in classes teaching proper sitting posture was associated with lower back pain in women and low physical activity level in men. In women, a relationship was found between the intention to participate in weight loss exercises and body dissatisfaction, high BMI, and poor self-evaluations of posture and attractiveness. In men, this activity was associated with body dissatisfaction. Conclusions. There is a need for further education on the development of proper postural habits at the university level.
Introduction. Body posture is a somatic characteristic essential for the biological development of the child, especially in the periods of rapid growth and those associated with changes in lifestyle. Its lability and dimorphic and ontogenetic variability cause a lot of controversy. Doubts are also raised by environmental diversity of this development feature. Hence, the purpose of the studies undertaken is the comparative evaluation of postures of six-year-old children in urban and rural areas. Material and methods. The study was conducted in 2011-2013. A total of 1057 children, including the 371 boys and girls from the Warsaw agglomeration and 147 boys and 168 girls from the rural environment in the Lublin region were subjects of the study. The average age was 5.87 (± 0.30) years. Posture in the sagittal, frontal and transverse planes was diagnosed by a visual method using scanning technique. In the mathematical analysis of numerical data the selected techniques of descriptive statistics and Student's t-test and chi-square test were used. Results. The differences in body posture between the environments in favor of the children from the rural areas emerged most strongly in the sagittal plane. They related to posture components such as: setting of the shoulders and shoulder blades (boys and girls), abdominal bulge (boys) and the position of the head (girls). In the assessment of the lower extremities the study demonstrated favorable condition knees in rural children as compared with their peers from the city. The only element of posture better shaped in the urban subgroup was the size of thoracic kyphosis. Conclusions. Established posture quality - treated as one of the positive measures of health - allows for a higher rating of this school readiness component in lowly urbanized residential areas. The complexity of posture diagnostics and lability and variability of the analyzed somatic characteristics dictate caution in formulating radical and definitive opinions on the importance of urbanization as posturogenesis condition.
The aim of the following work is to evaluate faulty posture rate among kindergarten children. The following article describes the objective and the character of the promotional and prophylactic program conducted by the Wrocław City Council (Urząd Miasta Wrocławia) concerning the “Keep straight” (“Trzymaj się prosto”) campaign. The program includes youth between age of seven and seventeen in whom slight symptoms of faulty posture, concerning lower limbs and the spine, were revealed during examination. The only prophylactic activity assumed by the “Keep it straight” campaign are corrective exercises in gymnasium and swimming pool. The screening of the children and youth also allows introductional diagnostics and recognition of permanent faults and direction of the patients to specialist treatment in orthopedic and rehabilitation clinics. The screening was conducted on the verge of October and November 2007. A physical posture examination method was used to evaluate the faults that appeared. The children from five of Wrocław`s kindergartens were examined. The following work presents the symptomatology of the most frequent faults and highlights the necessity of conducting prophylactic activity at a very young age. The faulty posture is a serious diagnostic and therapeutic problem among young children and can be a source of severe health problems in their future. 373 children were examined. Faulty posture was revealed among 295 what represents 79,08% of the patients; 78 were described as healthy (20,92%). There were 160 boys (80,8%) and 135 girls (77,14%) in the group with faulty posture. There were 38 (19,2%) boys without faulty posture and 40 (22,86%) girls in the same group.
The aim of research was to identify the changes of body posture and dynamic spine function of female secondary school students after adaption of physical program which was within lessons of physical and sport education. The research group consisted of 45 female students of the first year of secondary school in Žilina (age - 15.42 -0.38 years; body weight - 55.13 -3.69 kg; height - 167.82 -2.51 cm; body mass index - 19.72 -1.51). In terms of data acquisition methods, we applied standardized tests and methods. To evaluate the impact of adapted physical program on muscular and skeletal system of secondary school students within lessons of physical and sport education we applied Wilcoxon test (Wtest p < 0.01; p < 0.05). The statistical significance of differences between observed variables of pre-tests and post-tests, as practical and material significance, was evaluated by Effect size, Pearson’s - r. While evaluating the body postures, positive shifts of body postures were recorded (35 x), as it was noted with statistical significance and large effect size (p < 0.01; Z = -5.8413; r = 0.8694). Within the dynamic spine function, the evaluation detected all of the tests as statistically significant, but the left lateroflexion was recorded with negative effect size (p < 0.01; Z = -3.7271; r = -0.3217).
Purpose. The aim of this study was to analyze the body posture of young football players and their untrained peers. Methods. A group of 73 football players and 78 untrained boys, all aged between 11 and 14 years, were studied by measuring body posture indices with computer posturography (the MORIE technique). Spinal angles and curvatures in the sagittal plane and body posture asymmetry in the frontal and transversal plane were measured. Body height and mass and BMI were also determined. Results. Compared to the untrained boys, the group of football players had lower BMI. The position of pelvis in the frontal plane was more symmetrical (p < 0.001) in football players, but the alignment of the remaining measured parameters was similar between the two groups except for the horizontal symmetry of the waist triangles (a higher incidence of symmetry in some ages groups of football players) and the horizontal symmetry of the shoulder blades (a higher incidence of asymmetry in some ages groups of football players). A postural symmetry index that was created for this study did not find any differentiation among the studied groups. The spinal alignment of the football players featured a more flattened lumbar lordosis. Conclusion. Previously conducted studies on the body posture of young athletes are still not ample and complete, while the results do not clearly indicate the development of posture when subjected to sports training.
Study aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of hatha yoga practices on the shaping of the anteroposterior (AP) spinal curvatures in students of the University of the Third Age, who participated in hatha yoga classes. Material and methods: 20 women and 5 men took part in the study. Hatha yoga classes were held once a week for 90 minutes over a period of 8 months along with additional exercises including basic positions of hatha yoga in home conditions 1-2 times a week for about 30 minutes. The inclination of the AP curvatures of the spine was measured twice, before and after the end of the classes. A Rippstein plurimeter was used for the measurements. R esults: Measurements of the angle of thoracic kyphosis before starting the series of hatha yoga classes and after finishing them showed a decrease in thoracic curvature in female (p < 0.01). In case of the angle of lumbar lordosis, a reduction in this curvature as a result of yoga techniques has been observed in women (p < 0.01) too. Amounts of AP curvatures of the spine, measured after completing the series of hatha yoga classes, fluctuated around correct values better than before taking them up. Conclusion: This study has shown that yoga training leads to an improvement in the habitual body posture in case of aggravating (excessive) AP curvatures of the spine.
Purpose. The aim of the study was an assessment of posture in women who regularly perform aerobic exercise. Methods. The study group consisted of 50 women actively participating in aerobics classes (mean: age 28.64 ± 5.3 years, body mass 59.83 ± 6.7 kg, height 167.75 ± 4.9 cm, BMI 21.24 ± 3.6 m/kg2) and a control group of 50 women not involved in any regular physical activity (mean: age 28.55 ± 5.05 years, body mass 62.47 ± 10.5 kg, height 167.74 ± 4.8 cm, BMI 22.26 ± 4.8 m/kg2). All participants were subjected to a photogrammetric assessment of posture. Results. Statistically significant differences in posture were identified between the two groups for lumbarosacral and thoracolumbar spinal curvatures. Conclusions. Women who regularly perform aerobic exercise present greater thoracic kyphosis and shoulder asymmetry than women not involved in aerobics.
Introduction: The objective of the study was to assess the flexibility of the hamstring muscles and their relationship with the position of the spine, shoulder and pelvic girdles in individual planes in boys training football.Material and methods: The study included 28 boys aged 10-14, training football 3 times a week for at least 2 years. The subjects were divided into two groups: correct bilateral flexibility of the hamstring muscles, bilateral shortening of the hamstring muscles. Body height and weight were measured and BMI was calculated. The three-dimensional position of the trunk was examined using the Zebris pointer ultrasound system. The passive straight-leg-raising test was used to assess the flexibility of the hamstring muscles.Results: 32% of people were diagnosed with the correct length of both hamstring muscles, 57% had shortened muscles in both limbs. Mean values determining the depth of thoracic kyphosis indicated its deepening in each of the groups, however, lower values were recorded in boys with reduced flexibility of the hamstring muscle mass. This group was also characterised by a better balance of the trunk in the sagittal plane. The average depth of lumbar lordosis in both groups was within the normal range. In the frontal plane, in both groups of footballers there was a tendency to lift the left shoulder (more frequent in the group with normal flexibility), the pelvis on the left side and shift the trunk to the right.Conclusion: Shortening of the hamstring muscles is common in boys who train football, but no evidence of a relationship between the limited flexibility of these muscles and the position of the trunk was found.
Intensywny rozwój nauki i techniki, poza wieloma korzyściami dla człowieka, niesie także duże zagrożenia dla jego rozwoju i zdrowia. Technizacja i bardzo szybkie tempo życia, nadmiar obowiązków szkolnych i pozaszkolnych, ograniczenie aktywności fizycznej i złe nawyki żywieniowe wpływają na powstawanie niekorzystnych zmian w postawie ciała coraz młodszych Polaków. Duży udział w powstawaniu wad postawy ciała ma styl życia młodego pokolenia, który negatywnie odbija się na zdrowiu i sprawności fizycznej. Celem pracy było prześledzenie zmian w postawie ciała dzieci w wieku 6-7 lat. Badaniami objęto 348 dzieci w wieku 6-7 lat z losowo wybranych, publicznych przedszkoli i szkół podstawowych Wrocławia. Metoda badań obejmowała ocenę postawy ciała w płaszczyźnie metodą fotogrametryczną oraz pomiar masy i wysokości ciała. Oceny jakości postawy badanego dziecka w płaszczyźnie strzałkowej dokonano według kryteriów Wolańskiego w modyfikacji Zeyland-Malawki, natomiast postawę ciała w płaszczyźnie czołowej i poprzecznej oceniono na podstawie wartości wskaźników asymetrii liniowej i kątowej wg klasyfikacji Bibrowicza. Wśród badanych dzieci w wieku 6-7 lat stwierdzono znaczny odsetek występowania wad postawy ciała. Postawy nieprawidłowe w płaszczyźnie strzałkowej występowały liczniej w grupie dzieci młodszych, natomiast w płaszczyźnie czołowej w grupie dzieci 7-letnich. W grupie sześciolatków częściej postawy nieprawidłowe stwierdzono wśród chłopców, natomiast u siedmiolatków wśród dziewcząt. W badanych grupach kształt i wielkość krzywizn przednio-tylnych kręgosłupa oraz wielkość wskaźników asymetrii nie różniły się istotnie statystycznie między dziewczętami a chłopcami.
EN
Development of science and technology, apart from its obvious advantages, carries a significant threat to development and health. Technicalization and a rapid pace of living, excess of school work and other duties, limited physical activity and bad nutrition habits cause unfavourable changes in the body posture of younger Poles. The lifestyle of the young generations, which is unfavourable to their health and fitness, has resulted in increased rate of postural disorders in this population. This study aimed at investigating the changes in body posture of children at the age of 6-7. Examinations covered 348 children at the age of 6-7 from randomly chosen public kindergartens and elementary schools in Wrocław. The research method was based on the assessment of body posture by means of photogrammetric examination and the measurement of body mass and height. The assessment of quality of posture in saggital plane was performed according to Wolański's criteria modified by Zeyland-Malawka, whereas body posture in the frontal and transverse plane was assessed on the basis of the values of linear and angular asymmetry indexes according to the classification Bibrowicz. A considerable percentage of faulty postures were found in the examined children. Faulty postures in saggital plane were more frequent in the group of younger children, whereas faulty postures in frontal plane were more frequent in the group of seven-year-old children. In the group of six-year olds, faulty postures were more frequent in boys, whereas, in the group of seven-year olds - in girls. The differences in the shape and size of anterior and posterior spinal curvatures and the values of asymmetry indices were not statistically significant between the girls and boys.
Introduction: The frequency of the appearance of abnormal spinal curvatures is different, depending on the adopted method, the researcher and the adopted norms. The aim of the study is to compare the frequency of the appearance of abnormal spinal curvatures of the body, detected with the mechanical inclinometer and the Moire method, irrespectively of the adopted norms and their influence on the received diagnosis. Material and methods: 96 subjects were involved in the examinations (48 boys and 48 girls at the age of 9). Each tested child had the anterior-posterior spine curvatures examined, with the use of the photogrammetric method and the mechanical inclinometer. Results: Results of measurements of the α , β, γ angles differ significantly in the examined groups (p=0,017). The diagnosis from the photogrametric examination and the inclinometer is characterised by a low unanimity (25,0-37,2%). Similarly in case of comparing the diagnosis from the photogrametric examination, applying two various criteria, the agreement amounts to 9,5-42,3 %, in case of the flat back (93,5%). Conclusions: 1. The frequency of the detection of abnormal spinal curvatures will depend on the applied research method 2. The kind of the detected defect is based on the accepted norms even within one research method.
Introduction: The study is 10 years’ observation of anterior-posterior spinal curvatures in the same group of children and youths.The first objective is to show rules and regularities in changes of posture in boys and girls in the period of their lives under the observation. The other objective is to put forward a suggested procedure for posture assessment based on the presented measurement method of the angle of lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis using a simple protractor, where the obtained angle values were to be used as qualification of faulty posture. Material and methods: A group of 100 children and youths aged 4-16 years, including 58 girls and 42 boys, examined initially in 1997 and then re-examined after 10 years, that is in 2007 (at the age of 14-26), made up the test material. Results: In Examination II, the incidence of a round back in girls in all age groups decreased while in boys it increased. The changes were statistically significant. Conclusions: Over the 10 years’ period in the children and youths that constituted the test material different changes in postures were found in the male group and in the female group. In girls after the puberty period, transitions in posture towards decreasing thoracic kyphosis and increasing lumbar lordosis were found, while in boys, posture changes in the opposite direction, i.e. increasing thoracic kyphosis and decreasing lumbar lordosis, were observed. Child’s body posture assessment carried out with the use of simple measurement instruments following the examination method suggested in this paper i.e. measuring thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis angle values appears to be a reliable method of body posture qualification in screening tests and monitoring results of faulty posture treatment
Wstęp: Aktywność fizyczna jest uważana za jeden z filarów zdrowego trybu życia i nieodzowny warunek prawidłowej postawy ciała.Celem pracy było sprawdzenie, jaka jest postawa ciała młodych mężczyzn o ponadprzeciętnej aktywności fizycznej i jak zmienia sięustawienie tułowia po wyciągnięciu ramion w przód. Analizie poddano również częstotliwość i nasilenie bólu kręgosłupa u badanychmężczyzn.Materiał i metody: Badaniu poddano 50 młodych, zdrowych mężczyzn, których wysoką codzienną aktywność fizyczną potwierdzonowynikiem kwestionariusza IPAQ. Zbadano wysokość i masę ciała, obliczono wskaźnik BMI. Ustawienie tułowia w trzech płaszczyznach zbadano za pomocą ultradźwiękowego systemu Zebris Pointer. Badanie wykonano dwukrotnie: w pozycji stojącej nawykowej oraz w pozycji zaczerpniętej z testu Matthiassa: pozycja stojąca z ramionami ułożonymi przed tułowia (90o zgięcia). Dane opracowano w programie Statistica v13.Wyniki: Dla badanych mężczyzn charakterystyczna była nieprawidłowa głębokość krzywizn fizjologicznych kręgosłupa oraz asymetria ustawienia obręczy barkowej i biodrowej w płaszczyźnie czołowej. Wyciągnięcie ramion w przód w pozycji stojącej powodowało spłycenie kifozy piersiowej, pogłębienie lordozy lędźwiowej i odchylenie tułowia ku tyłowi. Okresowe odczuwanie bólu kręgosłupa lędźwiowego zgłosiło około 60% badanych. Był to ból o nieznacznym nasileniu, który nie wymagał zażywania środków przeciwbólowych. Nie zaobserwowano znaczących zależności pomiędzy jakością ustawienia tułowia a dolegliwościami odcinka lędźwiowego.Wnioski: Wysoka aktywność fizyczna okazała się niewystarczająca do zapewnienia prawidłowej postawy ciała i wydolności mięśniposturalnych. Edukacja posturalna powinna być stałym elementem programów prozdrowotnych, mających na celu zwiększenie jakości życia.
EN
Introduction: Physical activity is considered to be one of the keystones of a healthy lifestyle and an indispensable condition for correct body posture. The purpose of the study was to check the body posture of young males with above-average physical activity and how the position of the trunk changes after extending the arms forward. The frequency and intensity of back pain among males in the study were also analyzed.Material and methods: The study involved 50 young, healthy males, whose high daily physical activity was confirmed by the IPAQ questionnaire. Body height and weight were checked, and BMI was calculated. The position of the trunk in three planes was examined using the ultrasonic Zebris Pointer system. The examination was performed twice: in the habitual standing position and in the position taken from the Matthiass test: standing position with the arms in front of the trunk (90o). The data was prepared in the Statistica v13 program.Results: The male participants were characterized by an incorrect depth of physiological curvatures of the spine and asymmetry of the position of the shoulder and pelvic girdles in the frontal plane. Extending the arms forward in a standing position resulted in flatter thoracic kyphosis, rounder lumbar lordosis and tilting the trunk backwards. Periodic pain sensation in the lumbar spine was reported by approximately 60% of participants. It was a mild pain that did not require painkillers. There were no significant relationships between the quality of the trunk position and pains in the lumbar region. Conclusions: High physical activity turned out to be insufficient to ensure correct body posture and efficiency of core muscles. Postural education should be a permanent element of health promotion programs aimed at increasing the quality of life.
This study was aimed at evaluating of the antero-posterior spinal curvatures in the sagittal plane, in subjects in the 2nd stage of ontogenetic development. The examination covered 192 children from the 6th grade of primary school and 1st grade of secondary school in Strzelce Opolskie. The mean age of subjects was 12.8 ± 0.8 years. All of the children were divided into two subgroups with regard to sexual maturity. The division was based on evaluation of biological development of subjects (occurrence of secondary sexual characteristics). Body posture was evaluated by means of the photogrammetric method using projection moire. A significant gender dimorphism was observed in the analyzed angular parameters. Girls with explicit secondary sexual characteristics showed significantly higher angular values for particular sections of the spine and the total value of all parameters was also higher than in comparison to boys at the same stage of biological development.
Wady postawy ciała stanowią poważny problem społeczny. Gwałtowny rozwój technicyzacji doprowadził do ograniczenia aktywności fizycznej także wśród najmłodszych, co przejawia się masowo występującymi zaburzeniami postawy. Dlatego właśnie tak bardzo istotne jest zwiększanie świadomości rodziców odnośnie do zagrożeń wynikających z nieprawidłowości postawy ciała, znaczenia aktywności fizycznej dla zdrowia oraz rozpoznawania podstawowych wad postawy. Badaniu została poddana grupa 388 rodziców/opiekunów dzieci uczęszczających do 18 szkół podstawowych z terenu wszystkich województw. Badani byli proszeni o wypełnienie ankiety mającej ocenić stan ich wiedzy na temat wad postawy. Pytano także o sposób spędzania wolnego czasu i rodzaj uprawianej przez dzieci aktywności fizycznej. Ankieta miała również ustalić, z jakich źródeł rodzice czerpią wiadomości na temat wad postawy ciała. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika że 34,53% dzieci uczęszczających do szkół podstawowych ma postawę nieprawidłową. Wiedza rodziców na temat wad postawy ciała jest znikoma. Aż 45% rodziców nie potrafi wymienić żadnej z wad, niecałe 15% potrafi scharakteryzować plecy okrągłe, a jedynie 8% umie podać poprawną definicję skoliozy. Jednocześnie wielu rodziców wyraziło chęć uczestnictwa w prelekcji na temat wad postawy w szkole, w której uczy się ich dziecko. Głównym źródłem informacji na temat profilaktyki wad postawy ciała jest dla rodziców lekarz pediatra (24%) i telewizja (20%). Tylko co czwarty rodzic uzyskał informacje na temat zagrożeń wynikających z pogorszenia jakości postawy ciała od nauczyciela. Niemal 79% rodziców uważa, że ich dzieci wystarczająco aktywnie spędzają czas wolny, chociaż w zorganizowanych formach aktywności fizycznej bierze udział niecałe 24% z nich. Mimo iż coraz więcej mówi się o problemie wad postawy ciała wiedza rodziców na ten temat jest wciąż bardzo mała. Wydaje się, że znaczniejszą rolę w propagowaniu wiedzy dotyczącej zapobieganiu wadom postawy powinni odegrać nauczyciele z racji swojego przygotowania zawodowego i stałego kontaktu z uczniami i ich opiekunami.
EN
Nowadays faulty postures constitute a significant social problem. The rapid development of technology has led to limiting of physical activity also among the youngest which manifests itself by massive occurrence of faulty postures. Therefore it is extremely important to increase the parents' awareness of the risks resulting from abnormalities of body postures, importance of physical activity to health as well as recognizing the basic faulty postures and noticing their symptoms. The group of 388 parents/guardians of children attending 18 primary schools in all voivodeships in the country took part in the research. The respondents were asked to fill in the survey aiming at assessing their knowledge about faulty postures. They were also requested to describe their children's pastimes and types of physical activity. The survey was supposed to determine the sources from which parents obtain the information about faulty postures. The conducted research confirmed that 34.53% of the children attending primary schools have faulty postures. The parents' knowledge about faulty postures is poor. As many as 45% of parents was not able to mention any of the defects, approximately 15% was able to characterize rounded back whereas only 8% was able to choose the correct definition of scoliosis. At the same time many parents expressed willingness to participate in the lecture on faulty postures at school where their children learn. The main source of information on faulty postures prophylaxis for parents is a paediatrician (24%) and television (20%). Only one in four parents obtained the information about the risks resulting from deterioration of body posture from a teacher. About 79% parents think that their children spend leisure time actively enough, yet, approximately only 24% children participate in organized forms of physical activity. Although more and more is said about the problem of faulty postures, the parents' knowledge on the subject is still insufficient. It seems appropriate that teachers, due to their vocational preparation and constant contact with students and their guardians, should play a more significant role in propagating the knowledge about preventing faulty postures.
Postawa ciała człowieka, tak jak zdrowie, nie jest dana na całe życie, zmienia się w przebiegu procesu ontogenetycznego, a zmiany te uzależnione są od czynników wewnętrznych (choroba) czy zewnętrznych (uraz). Niewątpliwie choroba (rak piersi), jej negatywne skutki i proces leczenia należą do czynników zaburzających postawę ciała kobiet po mastektomii. Celem pracy była ocena zmian postawy ciała w płaszczyźnie strzałkowej kobiet po mastektomii uczestniczących przez dwa lata w zajęciach rehabilitacji ruchowej. Materiał badawczy stanowiły 23 kobiety, które dwa lata (dwa razy w tygodniu) uczestniczyły w zajęciach rehabilitacji ruchowej. Postawę ciała oceniano przy użyciu aparatury do komputerowej oceny postawy ciała, która działa w oparciu o metodę fotogrametrii przestrzennej. Grupa ta poddana została pięciokrotnym badaniom oceny postawy ciała w odstępach 6-miesięcznych. Uzyskane wyniki badań poddano opracowaniu statystycznemu (testy nieparametryczne: test kolejności par Wilcoxona, współczynnik korelacji rang Spearmana, test ANOVA Friedmana. W świetle uzyskanych wyników badań postawy ciała w płaszczyźnie strzałkowej potwierdza się potrzebę systematycznego i ciągłego usprawniania rehabilitacyjnego kobiet po mastektomii niezależnie od czasu, jaki minął od operacji.
EN
The body posture, just like health, never stays the same. It changes in the ontogenetic process and the changes are often determined by internal (disease) and external factors (injury). Undoubtedly, breast cancer, its negative consequences and the treatment affect body posture of post-mastectomy women. The aim of this study was to evaluate body posture of women after mastectomy participating in the kinetic rehabilitation treatment for two years. The examined group consisted of 23 women after mastectomy who took part in the physiotherapeutic treatment twice a week for two years. Their body posture was assessed by means of the photogrammetric method. All the subjects were examined five times, every six months. The results were then statistically analysed (non-parametric tests: Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test, Spearman rank correlation test and Friedman ANOVA test). This study confirms the necessity for regular and constant rehabilitation treatment after mastectomy, regardless of the time elapsed since the operation.
Introduction: Defects of posture in children and adolescents have been frequently observed for many years. The determination of the shape and size of anterior-posterior spinal curvatures is one of the elements within the examination and assessment of body posture. Aim: Characteristics of anterior-posterior spinal curvatures in the examined young people in reference to general Saunders norm. Material and method: the examinations covered 117 young people (67 girls and 50 boys), aged 13–19 years old. The measurements of the size of anterior-posterior spinal curvatures were taken using an inclinometer. The children were examinated under the following points: the medianus point of the sacrum bone (- angle), area intervertebralis Th12–L1 (0 angle) and area intervertebralis C7–Th1 (1 angle). The Wolanski method was applied to show the differences of individual types of body posture. The Statistica 7.0 program (-t-Student test and 4²test) was applied to check if statistically significant differences occured.Results: The differences of the statistically significant (p<0.05) were stated in the 1 angle amongst young people from grammar school and junior high school. The statistically significant differences were noted in the forming of thoracal kyphosis between the girls from the junior high school and the girls from the grammar school and between the boys from the junior high school and the boys from the grammar school (in both cases p<0.05). The most common type of body posture for all the teenagers was of the kyphotic type (63.2%). The most frequent defect of body posture was flat lumbar lordosis (28.2%).Conclusions: The existence of a curvature angle increase in thoracal kyphosis and angle reduction in lumbar lordosis in reference to the general Saunders norm is common in both research groups. The thoracal kyphosis is formed differently in girls and boys from grammar schools and junior high schools. It follows to form the lumbar lordosis in the correction of body posture.
Celem pracy było porównanie postawy ciała dzieci z placówek opiekuńczo-wychowawczych z postawą ciała dzieci z rodzin pełnych. Badaniami objęto 28 dziewcząt i 27 chłopców z domów dziecka, a grupę kontrolną stanowiło 36 dziewcząt i 36 chłopców. Przedział wiekowy wszystkich badanych to 8-13 lat. Do oceny postawy ciała wykorzystano metodę fotogrametryczną. Badania wykazały, iż u dzieci z domów dziecka notowano większe spłaszczenie kifozy piersiowej, częściej występowały też asymetrie trójkątów talii oraz skrzywienia boczne kręgosłupa z odchyleniem powyżej 10 mm. Zarówno w grupie eksperymentalnej, jak i kontrolnej ocena postawy w płaszczyźnie strzałkowej wskazała na znaczny odsetek postaw złych wg typologii Wolańskiego, przy tym u dzieci osieroconych były one częstsze, a dominującym typem postawy był typ lordotyczny.
EN
The purpose of the study was to compare body posture in orphan children with body posture in children from full families of the same age. The study was carried out in an experimental group consisting of 28 orphan girls and 27 boys and in a control group numbering 36 boys and 36 girls. The age of all the examined children ranged from 8 to 13 years. Body posture evaluation was carried out by means of photogrammetric method - the Moiré technique. The results showed greater flattening of thoracic kyphosis in orphan children as well as more frequent asymmetries of the waist's triangles and scoliosis of inclination over 10mm. In both the experimental and control group evaluation of the body posture in the sagittal plane revealed a high percentage of defective posture cases according to the Wolańki's typology and in the orphan children they were more common and lordotic posture type was the predominant one.
Badaniami objęto 60. dzieci w wieku 3 lat, 199. w wieku 4 lat i 402. w wieku 5 lat z wybranych losowo przed-szkoli regionu warmińsko-mazurskiego. Do pomiaru wykorzystano fotogrametryczną i fotometryczną ocenę postawy ciała w płaszczyżnie strzałkowej. Stwierdzono: 1. Postawa dziecka w wieku 3 lat charakteryzuje się znacznym odchyleniem tyłowia w tył. Jeśli tułów jest w zgięciu w przód, to w bardzo niewielkim stopniu. Zde-cydowanie kąt, długość, wysokość i głębokość kifozy piersiowej są większe niż lordozy lędźwiowej. 2. Postawa dziecka w wieku 4 lat charakteryzuje się odchyleniem tułowia w tył. Jeśli tułów jest w zgięciu w przód, to w bardzo niewielkim stopniu, w przybliżeniu z równymi wartościami kątowymi i głębokościowymi kifozy piersiowej i lordozy lędźwiowej a różnymi długościowymi i wysokościowymi. Zdecydowanie długość i wysokość kifozy piersiowej jest większa niż lordozy lędźwiowej. 3. Postawa dziecka w wieku 5 lat charakteryzuje się odchyleniem tułowia w tył. Jeśli tułów jest zgięty w przód, to w bardzo niewielkim stopniu, nieco większym kątem lordozy lędźwiowej niż kifozy piersiowej, znacznie większą wysokością długością i głębokością kifozy piersiowej niż lordozy lędźwiowej.
EN
The research covered 60 children aged 3, 199 aged 4, 402 aged 5 years, from randomly selected kindergartens from the province of Warmia and Mazury. Examinations embraced Moire topography and photometric assessment of the posture of the body in the sagittal plain. Conclusions: 1. At the age of 3, body posture is characterized by the trunk considerably bent to the back and if the bend is to the front then to a very slight extent. 2. At the age of 4, body posture is characterized by the trunk bent to the back and if the bend is to the front then to a very slight extent, with approximately equal angle and depth values and different length and height values for chest kyphosis and loin lordosis. 3. At the age of 5, body posture is characterized by the trunk bent to the back and if the bend is to the front then to a very slight extent, with slightly greater angle of loin lordosis than of chest kyphosis, considerably greater height, length and depth of chest kyphosis than of loin lordosis.
Sedentary behavior is often mentioned as a factor of posture disorders and low back pain. Despite this fact modern man spends most of time in sitting position. Therefore, physiotherapists and physicians recommends many different sitting positions to prevent and treat negative effects of prolonged sitting in poor posture. Lack of unified guidelines of the best sitting posture is a topic of discussions. Because of negative consequences of sitting in slump posture such as stretched supraspinal ligaments and low back pain some recommendations suggest lordotic lumbar posture that decreases nucleus pulposus pressure, lesser compression load of anterior part of intervertebral disc and provides better shock absorption during movement. However, this position can be related to higher compression of intervertebral joints, increased back muscles activity and back discomfort. Therefore, several studies suggests sitting with slight flexion of the lumbar spine as it lead to even load distribution on intrvertebral disc and decreased compression of intervertebral joints. The analisys of many different studies and contradictory opinions shows that one ideal sitting posture doesn’t exist. Sitting position should be chosen individually in regard to the inter-individual characteristics of musculoskeletal system. It worth also noting that every position (lordotic or kyphotic) maintained for a prolong time leads to discomfort and soft tissue symptoms.
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