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1
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A Comparison of Anthropometry between Ironman Triathletes and Ultra-swimmers

100%
Knechtle B., Baumann B., Knechtle P., Wirth A., Rosemann T.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2010
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vol. 24
57-64
EN
We intended to compare the anthropometry of male and female Ironman triathletes with the anthropometry of male and female ultra-swimmers. Body mass, body mass index and body fat were lower in both male and female triathletes compared to swimmers. Body height and length of limbs were no different between the two groups. In the multi-variate analysis, in male triathletes, body mass (p=0.015) and percent body fat (p=0.0003) were related to race time; percent body fat was also related to the swim split (p=0.0036). In male swimmers, length of the arm was related to race time (p=0.0089). In female triathletes and swimmers, none of the investigated anthropometric variables showed an association with race time. We concluded that Ironman triathletes and ultra-swimmers were different regarding anthropometry and that different anthropometric variables were related to race time. We assume that other factors, such as training and equipment, as opposed to anthropometry, may better predict race time in male and female Ironman triathletes.
2
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Effect of Olympic Weight Category on Performance in the Roundhouse Kick to the Head in Taekwondo

100%
Estevan I., Falco C., Álvarez O., Molina-García J.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2012
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vol. 31
37-43
EN
In taekwondo, kick performance is generally measured using impact force and time. This study aimed to analyse performance in the roundhouse kick to the head according to execution distance between and within Olympic weight categories. The participants were 36 male athletes divided into three categories: featherweight (n = 10), welterweight (n = 15) and heavyweight (n = 11). Our results show that taekwondo athletes in all weight categories generate a similar relative impact force. However, the results indicate that weight has a large impact on kick performance, particularly in relation to total response time.
3
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The Diagnosis of Excessive Body Mass and Body Fat in 18-Year-Old Youth – Assessment of Comparability of Results Obtained on the Basis of BMI and BIA Methods

100%
Kawalec-Kajstura E., Malinowska-Lipien I., Brzostek T.
Polish Journal of Public Health
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2015
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vol. 124
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issue 3
120-124
EN
Introduction. A systematic increase in the frequency of excessive body mass in young Poles is an argument supporting the need for identification persons with the increased risk. It is justified to test the level of comparability of the applied screening methods and criteria of diagnosing excessive body mass and body fat in the adolescent group. Aim. To assess the comparability of the results in terms of frequency of diagnosing of overweight and body fat excessive content depending on the method and assessment criteria in 18-year-olds. Material and methods. The study comprised 141 secondary school students (100 women and 41 men), with the age median of 17.8 ± 0.5 years. The measurements included height and body mass (to calculate the BMI) and assessment of the percentage of body fat content with two methods of bioelectric impedance in two bipolar versions: Tanita BC-570 and Omron BF-306. Results. Excessive body mass, as defined by the BMI, was found in 12.1% of students. The incidence of diagnosing excessive contents of body fat in the organism depended on the method of measurement and criteria of results interpretation; 20.6% with the Tanita and 28.3% with the Omron method. The measurements with Tanita BC-570 scales demonstrated stronger correlation with BMI value (p<0.001; r2=0.34) than measurements with the Omron BF-306 (p<0.001; r2=0.16). Conclusions. In young adults: 1. the diagnosis of excessive body mass by BMI and measurement with use of the bioelectric impedance methods with two bipolar versions (Tanita BC-570, Omron BF-306) provided inconsistent results. 2. The proportion of young people with excessive body fat was greater than indicated by the BMI norms. 3. The measurement with Tanita BC-570 scales demonstrated stronger correlation with BMI values than by the ones with the Omron. 4. Critical approach to the applied methods is indispensable in screening studies of nutrition level among adolescents.
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The Recovery Phase Following a Triple Iron Triathlon

88%
Knechtle B., Vinzent T., Kirby S., Knechtle P., Rosemann T.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2009
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vol. 21
65-74
EN
The purpose of this case study was to investigate the recovery phase in a single athlete after a Triple Iron Triathlon involving 11.4 km swimming, 540 km cycling and 126.6 km running. Total body mass, body fat and skeletal muscle mass using the anthropometric method as well as total body water using bioelectrical impedance analysis were determined pre race, after the race and every 24 hours until complete recovery. Parameters of hydration status (urinary specific gravity, hematocrit and plasma sodium) and skeletal muscle damage (plasma urea) were measured at the same time. After finishing the race within 42 hours, total body mass was decreased and total body water was increased. Over the following 6 days, prior to returning to pre race values for plasma volume and total body water, body mass reached a peak value on day 3, plasma volume on day 2 and total body water on day 1. Clinically visible edemas of the feet persisted until day 4. Six days after the race, body mass was reduced by 2.1 kg, skeletal muscle mass by 0.6 kg and fat mass by 0.7 kg. An increase in both blood urea and urinary output post race between days 3 and 6 suggested an impairment of renal function immediately post race due to skeletal muscle damage and manifesting clinically observed edemas. For practical application, athletes, coaches and physicians should anticipate that performing such an ultra-endurance race can lead to considerable edemas of the lower limbs during the recovery phase.
5
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Natural phenolic acids may increase serum estradiol level in ovariectomized rats

75%
Zych M., Folwarczna J., Trzeciak H. I.
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issue 3
503-507
EN
Natural phenolic acids are commonly present in plants consumed in the diet. Recently we have observed that different natural phenolic acids exert differential effects on the body mass gain in ovariectomized and non-ovariectomized female rats. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of ferulic, caffeic, p-coumaric and chlorogenic acids on serum estradiol and total cholesterol levels in ovariectomized and non-ovariectomized rats. The experiments were carried out on 3-month old female Wistar Cmd:(WI)WU rats, divided into following groups (n=8 in each group): non-ovariectomized control rats and non-ovariectomized rats receiving ferulic, caffeic, p-coumaric or chlorogenic acids, sham-operated control rats, ovariectomized control rats and ovariectomized rats receiving the same phenolic acids. The phenolic acids were administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg p.o. daily for 4 weeks. Serum estradiol and total cholesterol levels on the next day after the last administration of the phenolic acids were examined. The phenolic acids did not affect serum estradiol or total cholesterol levels in non-ovariectomized rats. In ovariectomized rats, caffeic acid and to a lesser extent p-coumaric acid increased serum estradiol level, which effect correlated with a decreased body mass gain. All the phenolic acids decreased serum cholesterol level in ovariectomized rats. Concluding, the anti-obesity activity of some phenolic acids may be, at least partially, connected with estrogenic pathways.
6
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Content available

Regulacja łaknienia

63%
Kostulski A., Rabe-Jabłońska J.
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vol. 7
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issue 2
108-116
EN
The authors present most up-to-date knowledge on mechanisms responsible for regulation of appetite and body mass. It is common knowledge, that the process of food intake depends on many factors: physiological, environmental, cognitive, emotional and behavioral. Within the human central nervous system, the area most closely associated with control of food intake is the hypothalamus and its structures. Regulation of food intake involves also nuclei of the solitary tract (nucleus tractus solitarii), amygdala, prefrontal cortex, area postrema, arcuate nuclei and periventricular nuclei. According to the “dual” hypothesis of appetite control, ventro-medial nucleus of the thalamus plays the role of satiety center, while lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus – that of the hunger center. Several specific hypothalamic nuclei and neuronal pathways, including numerous neurotransmitters and modulators, create a complex network within the hypothalamus which controls appetite. Several peptides produced within the digestive tract cross the blood-brain barrier and may be found in various parts of the central nervous system (hypothalamus, hypophysis) and, by acting directly on appetite-controlling centers, contribute to it’s short-term regulation. Signals from upper part of the digestive tract are probably responsible for postprandial satiety. Based on a review of recent literature, discussed are both central (POMCα, MSH, CART, NPY, AgRP, OXA) and peripheral regulators (CCK, GLP-1, PYY, LEP, GRE, INS, adiponectin, rezistin, OXM), acting centrally (originating in the digestive tract, adipose tissue and pancreas) mechanisms controlling body mass and their complex interrelations.
PL
Autorzy przedstawili stan najnowszej wiedzy na temat mechanizmów odpowiedzialnych za regulację łaknienia i masy ciała. Wiadomo, że proces pobierania pokarmu zależy od wielu czynników: fizjologicznych, środowiskowych, poznawczych, emocjonalnych i behawioralnych. W OUN człowieka obszarem najbardziej związanym z kontrolą przyjmowania pożywienia jest podwzgórze i jego struktury. W regulację pobierania pokarmu zaangażowane są także: jądro pasma samotnego, ciała migdałowate, kora przedczołowa, miejsce najdalsze, jądro łukowate i okołokomorowe. Wg „dualnej” hipotezy regulacji łaknienia – jądro brzusznoprzyśrodkowe podwzgórza pełni rolę ośrodka sytości, zaś boczne podwzgórze – ośrodka głodu. Szereg specyficznych jąder podwzgórza oraz szlaków neuronalnych przy udziale licznych neurotransmiterów i modulatorów tworzy w podwzgórzu skomplikowaną sieć regulującą łaknienie. Szereg peptydów produkowanych przez przewód pokarmowy przenika przez barierę krew – mózg i znajduje się także w OUN (podwzgórze, przysadka) i, oddziałując bezpośrednio na ośrodki łaknienia, odgrywa rolę w chwilowej jego regulacji. Sygnały z górnego odcinka przewodu pokarmowego są prawdopodobnie odpowiedzialne za poposiłkową sytość. Na podstawie przeglądu najnowszego piśmiennictwa omówiono ośrodkowe (POMC – α-MSH, CART, NPY, AgRP, OXA) i obwodowe regulatory (CCK, GLP-1, PYY, LEP, GRE, INS, adiponektyna, rezystyna, OXM ), działające ośrodkowo (pochodzące z przewodu pokarmowego, tkanki tłuszczowej oraz trzustki) masy ciała i skomplikowane mechanizmy ich działania.
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Morphological features and motor skills of girls practicing speed skating as well as volleyball and basketball

63%
Momola I.
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2010
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vol. 18
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issue 2
56-62
PL
Celem opracowania jest porównanie rozwoju morfologicznego dziewcząt uprawiających koszykówkę, siatkówkę i łyżwiarstwo szybkie w sanockich klubach sportowych oraz ich sprawności fizycznej w oparciu o testy "Eurofit". Zawodniczki porównano z populacją polską i krakowską. Celem badań było też określenie współzależności pomiędzy mierzonymi parametrami. Badano 63 dziewczęta 11-letnie w latach 2006-2007. Wyniki pomiarów poddano analizie statystycznej z wykorzystaniem jednoczynnikowej analizy wariancji, korelacji prostoliniowej, analizy głównych składowych. Wysokość i masa ciała łyżwiarek, siatkarek i koszykarek mieszczą się w normie rozwojowej. Zawodniczki osiągnęły korzystniejsze wyniki w większości prób sprawności fizycznej niż ich krakowskie rówieśniczki i dziewczęta z próby ogólnopolskiej.
EN
The aim of the study was to compare morphological development and physical fitness of the girls training basketball, volleyball and speed skating in sports clubs in Sanok on the basis of "Eurofit" tests and to determine correlations between the examined parameters. The research results were compared with the centile charts of the girls tested nationwide and in Krakow. The test group consisted of 63 girls aged 11 and the study was carried out in 2006 and 2007. The results were subjected to a statistical analysis including one-way ANOVA, linear correlation analysis and principal components analysis. Body height and mass in speed skaters, basketball players and volleyball players are within the development norm. The players achieved higher results in most exercise tests than their peers from Krakow and the rest of the country.
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