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Intermittent Resistance Exercise: Evolution from the Steady State

100%
Scott C. B.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
|
2014
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vol. 6
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issue 2
85-91
EN
Oxygen uptake measurements are without question useful and a staple measurement for the estimation of exercise energy costs. However, steady state models cannot be used to successfully model intermittent resistance exercise energy costs. Our laboratory has taken steps to avoid such comparisons between these discrepant exercises. We have separated out exercise and recovery periods during resistance training and utilize capacity (kJ) estimates as opposed to rate measures (kJ min-1). Moreover, we avoid anaerobic threshold concepts as applied to resistance exercise. When viewed accordingly, resistance exercise energy costs are opposite those of the steady state model: exercise oxygen uptake is highest for steady state exercise and lowest for resistance exercise, recovery oxygen uptake can be the highest energy cost for resistance exercise whereas for steady state exercise it may or may not be meaningful, and anaerobic energy costs represent a significant component of resistance exercise that plays little to no role with steady state exercise.
2
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A Comparison Of Physiological Responses To Various Intermittent And Continuous Small-Sided Games In Young Soccer Players

88%
Köklü Y.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2012
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vol. 31
89-96
EN
The purpose of this study was to investigate physiological responses to various intermittent and continuous small-sided games (SSGs) - including 2-a-side, 3-a-side, and 4-a-side games - in young soccer players. Twenty soccer players (average age 16.6±0.5 years; mean body height 176.2±4.6 cm; mean body mass 65.9±5.6 kg) voluntarily participated in this study. The subjects underwent anthropometric measurements followed by the YoYo intermittent recovery test. Then, they played intermittent (SSGint) and continuous (SSGcon) 2-a-side, 3-a-side, and 4-a-side soccer-specific SSGs in random order at 2-day intervals. Paired t-tests were used to assess differences between the training regimens (intermittent and continuous) in terms of heart rate (HR), percentage of maximum HR (%HRmax), and blood lactate concentration (LA). The differences in LA, HR and %HRmax between the 2-a-side, 3-a-side and 4-a-side SSGint or the 2-a-side, 3-a-side and 4-a-side SSGcon were identified using a one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. The results demonstrated that the 3-a-side SSGint and SSGcon measurements were significantly higher than the 2-a-side and 4-a-side games in terms of HR and %HRmax, whereas the 2-a-side SSGint and SSGcon resulted in higher LA responses compared to other SSG types. The study results also demonstrated that SSGint and SSGcon are similar in terms of physiological responses except for 2-a-side game LA responses. The results of this study suggest that both SSGint and SSGcon could be used for the physiological adaptations required for soccer specific aerobic endurance.
3
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Effect of the Proposed Training Program on some Physiological and Body Composition Variables of under 20 Years Old Male Football Players

88%
Khanafdl O. T.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2021
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vol. 34
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issue 2
97-104
EN
The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of the proposed training program on some physiological and body composition variables of 24 volunteered youth male football players who under 20 years old (U20, age: 16–19 years, mean age: 17.3 ±1.0 years, playing for last 4–6 years). Those 24 players were divided into 2 groups, 12 players (experimental group), 12 players (control group). The training program consisted of aerobic training, anaerobic training, recreational game and practice football game. Data was collected at zero level (pre-test), in the mid of the program (mid-test) and at the end of program (post-test). For analysing data, repeated measures were used. In the experimental group a significant increase (P < 0.05) in number of shuttles, skeletal muscle, and resting metabolism and a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in body fat have been noted in (mid-test) and (post-test) when compared to (pre-test). However, a decrease was noted in body mass index, blood lactate, maximal heart rate, and visceral fat, but not to a significantly different level. In the control group negative significant increase (P < 0.05) in body fat and negative significant decrease (P < 0.05) in skeletal muscle and resting metabolism have been noted, no significant difference was observed in number of shuttle, body mass index, blood lactate, maximum heart rate and visceral fat. This study would provide useful information for training and exercise physiology and it may have a beneficial impact on health.
4
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Comparison of Physiological and Perceptual Responses Between Continuous and Intermittent Cycling

88%
Brasil R., Barreto A., Nogueira L., Santos E., Novaes J., Reis V.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2011
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vol. 29A
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issue Special Issue
59-68
EN
The present study tested the hypothesis that the exercise protocol (continuous vs. intermittent) would affect the physiological response and the perception of effort during aquatic cycling. Each protocol was divided on four stages. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure, blood lactate concentration, central and peripheral rate of perceived exertion were collected in both protocols in aquatic cycling in 10 women (values are mean ± SD): age=32.8 ± 4.8 years; height=1.62 ± 0.05 cm; body mass=61.60 ± 5.19 kg; estimated body fat=27.13 ± 4.92%. Protocols were compared through two way ANOVA with Scheffé's post-hoc test and the test of Mann- Whitney for rate of perceived exertion with α=0.05. No systematic and consistent differences in heart rate, arterial blood pressure, double product and blood lactate concentration were found between protocols. On the other hand, central rate of perceived exertion was significantly higher at stage four during continuous protocol compared with intermittent protocol (p=0.01), while the peripheral rate of perceived exertion presented higher values at stages three (p=0.02) and four (p=0.00) in the continuous protocol when compared to the results found in intermittent protocol. These findings suggest that although the aquatic cycling induces similar physiologic demands in both protocols, the rate of perceived exertion may vary according to the continuous vs. intermittent nature of the exercise.
5
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Swimming Stroke Mechanical Efficiency and Physiological Responses of 100-m Backstroke with and without the use of paddles

75%
Messinis S., Beidaris N., Messinis S., Soultanakis H., Botonis P., Platanou T.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2014
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vol. 40
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issue 1
171-180
EN
The use of swimming aids during training contributes to greater swimming efficiency by the improvement of the swimming specific power of the athlete. The purpose of this study was to compare the swimming stroke technical characteristics and the physiological responses of swimming 100-m backstroke, with and without the use of paddles at maximum and sub-maximum intensities at the same swimming speed. Eight swimmers competing at the national level participated in this study. The measurements took place at 4 different sessions. At every session, each participant swam individually one 100-m backstroke swimming trial with or without paddles at the same speed and two levels of intensity (100% and 85% of maximum speed). The results revealed lower stroke length, greater stroke number and gliding length without the use of swimming paddles at both intensities. Βlood lactate concentration (10.03±2.96 vs. 5.85±2.23 mmol/l) and Rating of Perceived Exertion (17.43±2.07 vs. 12±2.82) were greater without the use of swimming paddles only at 100% of maximum speed. Thus, swimming backstroke with paddles compared to unaided swimming, at a similar speed, showed a greater efficiency at maximal but not at sub-maximal intensity.
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