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Moulds in biodeterioration of technical materials

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Gutarowska B.
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vol. 10
27-39
PL
Pleśnie są mikroorganizmami, które odgrywają kluczową rolę w biodeterioracji materiałów technicznych, co wynika z ich cech fizjologicznych i metabolizmu. Materiał techniczny stanowi dla nich albo źródło węgla i energii (drewno, papier, tekstylia, paliwa, skóra) albo jest podłożem do ich wzrostu (cegły, kamień, metal, szkło). Grzyby charakteryzujące się wysoką aktywnością biodeterioracyjną - enzymatyczną i kwasotwórczą należą głównie do Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Cladosporium, Paecilomyces i Chaetomium. Przedstawiciele niektórych rodzajów grzybów (oprócz wymienionych powyżej, również m.in. Stachybotrys, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Epidermophyton, Microsporum, Scopulariopsis, Trichophyton) rosnąc na substancji technicznej oraz wytwarzając alergeny i mykotoksyny stwarzają zagrożenia zdrowotne. Dlatego na podstawie wiedzy na temat warunków rozwoju pleśni i mechanizmów biodeterioracji należy odpowiednio zabezpieczać materiały przed rozwojem grzybów. Istotne jest również poszukiwanie nowych, bezpiecznych dla materiałów technicznych metod dezynfekcji w celu zahamowania rozwoju grzybów. Zastosowanie biocydów w celach ochronnych należy ograniczyć jedynie do materiałów najbardziej narażonych na biodeteriorację (papier, tekstylia, paliwa, farby), mając na uwadze aspekty ochrony środowiska, a także produkcję materiałów biodegradowalnych, zapewniając cykl życia produktu.
EN
Moulds are microorganisms which play the key role in biodeterioration of technical materials which results from their physiological features and metabolism. Technical materials constitute the source of carbon and energy (wood, paper, textiles, fuels, leather) or the surface for fungal growth (bricks, stone, metal, glass). Moulds characterized by a high biodeterioration activity – enzymatic and acidic, belong mainly to the following genera: Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Cladosporium, Paecilomyces and Chaetomium. Members of some taxa (besides the aforementioned also e.g. Stachybotrys, Alternaria, Epidermophyton, Microsporum, Scopulariopsis, Trichophyton) growing on technical substances and producing allergens and mycotoxins cause health hazards. Therefore, basing on the knowledge about conditions for mould development and biodeterioration mechanisms, we should appropriately preserve materials against mould growth. Looking for new disinfection methods safe for technical substances in order to inhibit mould growth is also important. Protective applications of biocides should be limited only to materials most sensitive to biodeterioration (paper, textiles, fuels, paints). On the one hand we should take into consideration environmental protection, on the other production of durable, biodegradable materials ensuring the product life cycle.
2
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Quaternary ammonium biocides as antimicrobial agents protecting historical wood and brick

100%
Rajkowska K., Koziróg A., Otlewska A., Piotrowska M., Nowicka-Krawczyk P., Brycki B., Kunicka-Styczyńska A., Gutarowska B.
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2016
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vol. 63
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issue 1
153-159
EN
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are widely used in disinfection of water, surfaces and instruments as well as in textile, leather and food industries because of their relatively low toxicity, broad antimicrobial spectrum, non-volatility and chemical stability. Due to these advantages, QACs are also used in restoration and can be applied on historical material. The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of biocides based on quaternary ammonium salts and containing various excipients in the protection of historical materials against microbial growth. The study determined the antimicrobial activity of three biocides against bacteria: Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus equorum, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus muralis, Sporosarcina aquimarina and Rhodococcus fascians, and moulds: Chaetomium globosum, Penicillium citreonigrum, Cladosporium cladosporioides I, Acremonium strictum, Aspergillus fumigatus and Cladosporium cladosporioides II, all isolated from historical wood and brick. Staphylococcus equorum, Bacillus cereus, Sporosarcina aquimarina and Rhodococcus fascians bacteria, and Cladosporium cladosporioides I and Acremonium strictum moulds showed high sensitivity to quaternary ammonium biocides. Historical wood can be effectively disinfected by three applications of biocide A (30% v/v) containing dodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC), citric acid, propiconazole and propanol. Disinfection of historical brick can be carried out by three applications of 6% v/v solutions of biocide B (based on DDAC and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid - EDTA) or biocide C (containing a non-ionic surfactant, DDAC and EDTA). Effective protection of historical building materials against microbial growth for a period of seven days can be achieved by the application of biocide A (30% v/v) on the wood surface and biocide B (6% v/v) on the brick surface.
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