MicroRNAs are 19- to 24-nt-long single-stranded RNAs that are crucial regulators of gene expression which control plant development and response to environmental cues. We have analyzed microtranscriptomes of five barley developmental stages. Generally, during the barley development, miR168-3p and miR1432-5p levels increase while the 5'U-miR156-5p level decreases (with exception for the 2-week-old barley). We have identified two miR156-5p izomiRs (called 5'U-miR156-5p [20 nt] and 5'UU-miR156-5p [21 nt]), which were expressed differently during barley development. The 5' U-miR156-5p level decreased in 3-week-, 6-week-, and 68-day-old barley, when compared to the 1-week-old plants. Meanwhile, the 5' UU-miR156-5p level increased significantly in the 68-day-old barley plants. Moreover, only the 5' U-miR156 isomiR recognizes and guides unique transcription factor mRNAs from the Squamosa Promoter Binding Protein-Like (SPL) family. We identified many non-canonical microRNAs with changed expression levels during the barley development. Here, we present the profiles of microRNA expression characteristics for particular barley developmental stages. These analyses are accompanied by the experimental degradome analysis of miRNA targets.
In this study, 382 isolates of bacterial endophytes from tissues of plants grown in the foothills and piedmont plains of the Trans-Ili Alatau were isolated. It was found that certain strains actively produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in a medium containing l-tryptophan. Among the strains studied, 26 strains (66%) showed a positive response to production of IAA. Bacteria synthesized IAA in the range of 18.6 ± 1.1 to 82.4 ± 2.3 µg/ml. IAA was synthesized more actively by Streptosporangium sp. KK1 (44.1 µg/ml), Rhodococcus sp. KK 2 (42.5 µg/ml), Streptomyces tendae KK3 (44.9 µg/ml) strains. The most active auxin's producer is a Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans BAK1 strain, whose total level of IAA production reached 82.4 µg/ml. Such strains as Streptomyces griseorubiginosis KK4, Streptomyces sp. KK5 and Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans BAK1 were found to have a significant stimulating effect which was reflected in the increase of the length of the roots of soybean and barley. As a result, 8 promising strains with fungicidal, growth-stimulating, phosphorus dissolving and enzymatic activities were selected for the further development of highly microbiological preparations for crop research.
This review article is based on scientific and popular science publications as well as articles from branch magazines that refer to the production of alcohol in Poland based on traditional grain raw materials. New trends in the production of broadly understood alcoholic beverages point to a return to traditional raw materials and production methods, preferably carried out in small, traditional distillery – crafted beers, local wines or spirits. Consumers desire a return to tradition, however, it is equally important to maintain the right quality and efficiency of production. The future of alcoholic beverages based on malted and unmalted cereals in Poland is associated with the search for specific varieties of cereals, their mixtures as well as fermentation and distillation processes that will allow the production of ‘craft spirits’.