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  1. 14 Acta Biochimica Polonica

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  1. 2 Buhse T.

  2. 2 Głąbiński A.

  3. 2 Krzeski A.

  4. 2 Kukwa W.

  5. 2 Migacz E.

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1
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Suppressor of cytokine signaling and accelerated atherosclerosis in kidney disease

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Wesoly J., Sikorski K., Lee C.-K., Bluyssen H. A. R.
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2010
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vol. 57
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issue 3
251-260
EN
The prevalence of cardiovascular disease in patients with renal failure is extremely high and accounts for a large part of the morbidity and mortality. Inflammation participates importantly in host defense against infectious agents and injury, but also contributes to the pathophysiology of many diseases, including cardiovascular atherosclerosis, which is a main problem in patients with renal failure. Recruitment of blood leukocytes to the injured vascular endothelium characterizes the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and involves many inflammatory mediators, modulated by cells of both innate and adaptive immunity. Excessive inflammatory and immune responses, communicated by these different cell types, are driven by inflammatory cytokines that promote associated tissue damage if cytokine signaling pathways remain unregulated. Thus, pathways capable of suppressing proinflammatory cytokine signaling hold the potential to limit life-threatening cardiovascular events caused by atherogenesis. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) are a family of intracellular proteins, several of which have emerged as key physiological regulators of cytokine-mediated homeostasis, including innate and adaptive immunity. Accumulating evidence supports the idea that dysregulation of cytokine signaling by differential SOCS expression is involved in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory, and immunological diseases, including atherosclerosis. Based on recent observations, in which SOCS expression levels are profoundly altered in kidney disease, we discuss the possibilities of SOCS as new intracellular markers of inflammation as well as their potential atherogenic properties in renal failure related cardiovascular disease.
2
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Obesity, lipid profiles and oxidative stress in children after liver transplantation

100%
Czubkowski P., Wierzbicka A., Pawłowska J., Jankowska I., Socha P.
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2017
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vol. 64
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issue 4
661-665
EN
Purpose. In adult liver transplant recipients, coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure are significant cause of morbidity and mortality. This may be attributed to the long-term immunosuppressive treatment, mostly with calcineurin inhibitors and steroids, which in long-term may be associated with hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress and cardiovascular complications. Since such data for children is sparse, the aim of this study was to assess the lipid and oxidative stress markers after pediatric liver transplantation (LTx). Method. We performed prospective analysis of 74 children, at the median age of 7.9 (2.8-11.6) years, 3.2 (1.2-4.3) years after LTx. We assessed the BMI Z-scores, cholesterol fractions (LDLc, HDLc, VLDLc), triglicerides, apolipoproteins (ApoAI, ApoB, ApoE), LCAT, insulin resistance by HOMA-IR and markers of oxidative stress and atherosclerosis: glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), asymmetrical dimethyl arginine (ADMA) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxyLDL). At baseline, the results were compared with a healthy age-and-sex matched control group. After 3.1±0.3 year follow-up we repeated all investigations and compared them with the baseline results. RESULTS. At the baseline, we investigated 74 patients 3.2 (1.2-4.3) years after LTx, at the median age of 7.9 (2.8-11.6) years. The prevalence of overweight or obesity (BMI >85th percentile) was 23% and was more common in girls (24% vs 20%). Fourteen patients had TCH >200 mg%, 9 patients had LDLc >130 mg% and TG were at normal levels in all patients. Compared to the controls, there were no significant differences in lipid profiles but we found decreased GSH (p<0.001) and GPx (p<0.001) which play role as an antioxidant defense. OS markers were higher in the study group: ADMA (p<0.001), and oxyLDL (p<0.0001). Insulin resistance by HOMA-IR was increased in the study group (p=0.0002) but fasting glucose remained within normal ranges in all patients. After 3.1-year follow-up, the BMI >95th and >85Th percentile was present in 8% and 14% respectively. ADMA and oxyLDL decreased, whilst GSH and GPx increased when compared to the baseline. There was also significant decrease in apoB and Lp(a). Conclusion. Children after LTx had normal lipid profiles when compared to controls, however there is a tendency for hypercholesterolemia and obesity, which may play a role in cardiovascular complications in the future. Some markers of oxidative stress were increased after LTx, however further investigations are required to establish its clinical significance.
3
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Activity of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and its relationship to markers of lipoprotein oxidation in healthy Slovaks

100%
Sumegová K., Blažíček P., Waczulíková I., Žitňanová I., Ďuračková Z.
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2006
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vol. 53
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issue 4
783-787
EN
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), when modified by free radicals derived from artery wall cells, induce atherosclerosis. In contrast to oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are able to prevent atherosclerosis through a protein with antioxidant properties, paraoxonase 1 (PON1). The purpose of this study was to explore the association between the activity of HDL-associated PON1 and circulating ox-LDL as well as to investigate the relationship between ox-LDL and parameters of lipid profile in thirty Slovaks aged 21-73 years because recent studies have presented controversial results concerning PON1 and its role in LDL oxidation. For determination of circulating ox-LDL sandwich ELISA was used and other lipid parameters were determined by routine laboratory analyses. PON1 activities were assayed by two synthetic substrates - paraoxon and phenyl acetate. Lipid peroxides were determined spectrophotometrically. Of the lipid parameters examined, ox-LDL level correlated positively with total (P < 0.0001) and LDL-cholesterol (P < 0.001). Triacylglycerols (TAG) (P < 0.001), lipid peroxides (P < 0.01) and atherogenic index (AI = total cholesterol/HDL) (P < 0.0001) were also strongly correlated with ox-LDL. No inverse relationships were observed between ox-LDL and HDL-cholesterol or arylesterase/paraoxonase activities of PON1. Furthermore, it was found that ox-LDL (P < 0.01) and lipid peroxides (P < 0.05) were significantly higher in men than in women. PON1 arylesterase activity was marginally affected by sex. The results of this study suggest that the anti-atherogenic properties of HDLs are not directly related to their total concentration and that PON1 activity determined towards synthetic compounds (paraoxon and phenyl acetate) reflects no association with markers of oxidative stress. Furthermore, it follows from our results that men are more susceptible to developing atherosclerosis compared to women.
4
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Homocysteine as a non-classical risk factor for atherosclerosis in relation to pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus

100%
Borowska M., Dworacka M., Winiarska H., Krzyżagórska E.
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2017
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vol. 64
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issue 4
603-607
EN
Aims. The aim of our study was to evaluate which of the pharmacotherapeutic methods that are frequently used to treat type 2 diabetes is associated with the most beneficial profile in relation to pro-atherogenic homocysteine levels. Patients and Methods. We measured the serum homocysteine level in 182 patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin (89), treated with insulin in combination with metformin (31), receiving sulfonylureas (31) and treated conventionally with insulin (31). The total homocysteine levels in the serum were assayed. To exclude the influence of selected metabolic and anthropometric factors on the differences between the examined groups, multivariate analysis of covariance was used (ANCOVA). In this analysis, serum homocysteine concentration was the dependent variable, while diabetes duration, waist circumference, HbA1c, 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol, fasting glycaemia and peptide C were used as covariates. Results. The serum homocysteine levels in patients treated with insulin in monotherapy were significantly higher than what was observed in the metformin treated subjects and in the patients receiving insulin combined with metformin. The analysis of covariance also confirmed that the differences between the therapeutic groups were affected by waist circumference and the C-peptide levels. Conclusion. We conclude that conventional insulin therapy may have a negative effect on pro-atherogenic homocysteine levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. This study revealed that pro-atherogenic homocysteine levels may not only be modified by pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes, but also by beta cell secretory function and abdominal obesity.
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Synthetic peptides mimicking antigenic epitope of Helicobacter pylori urease

100%
Białek M., Grabowski S., Kamiński Z., Kaca W.
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2006
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vol. 53
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issue 1
83-86
EN
Short peptides resembling the Helicobacter pylori urease antigen (UreB F8 Ser-Ile-Lys-Glu-Asp-Val-Gln-Phe) with deleted aspartic acid and glutamic acid residues, anchored through a triazine linker via the N-terminal moiety to cellulose plate were prepared. The peptides were used for binding of antibodies from sera of patients with medically confirmed atherosclerosis. Recognition of the peptides was also tested with anti-Jack beans urease antibodies. The important role of a Gly-Gly spacer separating the peptides from the cellulose support was shown. Different patterns of binding of antibodies from H. pylori infected patients and anti-Jack bean urease antibodies were observed only in the case of pentapeptides. The peptide Gly-Gly-Leu-Val-Phe-Lys-Thr was recognized by most of the tested sera.
6
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Obturacyjny bezdech podczas snu u pacjentów zakwalifikowanych do endarterektomii tętnic szyjnych – badanie wstępne

88%
Migacz E., Proczka R., Krzeski A., Kukwa W.
Otolaryngologia Polska
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2018
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vol. 72(4)
17-20
PL
Wstęp: Związek między obturacyjnym bezdechem podczas snu (OBPS) a miażdżycą jest potwierdzony od wielu lat, choć patomechanizm tego zjawiska nadal nie jest poznany. Celem badania było określenie częstości OBPS u pacjentów zakwalifikowanych do endarterektomii oraz określenie wpływu tej procedury na parametry badania snu i występowanie senności dziennej. Materiał i metody: Do badania włączono 46 pacjentów zakwalifikowanych do endarterektomii otwartej. Przed zabiegiem wykonano badanie snu i zastosowano skalę senności Epworth. U 11 z 46 osób przeprowadzono badania snu także po operacji. Wyniki: Średnia wieku w grupie badanej wyniosła 69,9 lat (± SD = 8,6), 21 pacjentów (45,7%) stanowiły kobiety. Średnia wartość pAHI, ODI, pRDI i procent czasu chrapania wyniosły odpowiednio 16.2 (± SD=15.2), 10.4 (± SD=12.2), 18.9 (± SD=14.9) oraz 9,9 (± SD=17). Prawidłowe wartości pAHI uzyskało 14 pacjentów (30%), podczas gdy łagodny OBPS (pAHI 5–15) zaobserwowano u 13 pacjentów (38%), umiarkowany OBPS (pAHI 15–30) u 11 pacjentów (24%), a ciężki OBPS (pAHI >30) u pacjentów 8 (18%). Średnia wartość skali senności Epworth u 27 z 46 pacjentów wyniosła 6,3 (± SD = 5,6). Pooperacyjne wartości parametrów badania snu u 11 pacjentów nie zmieniły się statystycznie znamiennie. Wnioski: Badanie wykazało występowanie OBPS w stopniu umiarkowanym i ciężkim u 42% pacjentów zakwalifikowanych do endarterektomii, natomiast nie stwierdzono nadmiernej senności w tej grupie. Pokazuje to, że u pacjentów kwalifikowanych do endarterektomii tętnic szyjnych należy wykonać diagnostykę snu w celu wykluczenia OBPS.
7
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Ability of Lactobacillus plantarum LS/07 to modify intestinal enzymes activity in chronic diseases prevention

88%
Hijová E., Kuzma J., Strojný L., Bomba A., Bertková I., Chmelárová A., Hertelyová Z., Benetinová V., Štofilová J., Ambro Ľ.
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2017
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vol. 64
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issue 1
113-116
EN
The ability of probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum LS/07 to modify the activity of intestinal bacterial enzymes - β-glucuronidase (β-GLUCUR), β-galactosidase (β-GAL), and β-glucosidase (β-GLU) in prevention of chronic diseases - cancer, atherosclerosis and dysbiosis was investigated. The male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 12 experimental groups: controls groups - C (control), AT (atherosclerotic), CC (carcinogenic), dysbiotic groups - each group in combination with antibiotics (ATB), probiotics groups - in combinatioan with probiotic (PRO) alone, and each group with combination of antibiotic and probiotic (ATB+PRO). In the control group the β-glucuronidase activity did not change throughout the experiment. High fat diet in atherosclerotic group significantly increased the activity of β-glucuronidase (P<0.001) and β-glucosidase (P<0.01). Azoxymethane application in carcinogenic group significantly increased β-glucuronidase (P<0.01), but reduced β-glucosidase (P<0.01) activity. Daily application of probiotics alone and in combination with antibiotic increased β-galactosidase, of β-glucosidase, and decreased β-glucuronidase activity. In control antibiotic group we observed significant increase in β-glucuronidase (P<0.05) and decreased β-glucosidase (P<0.01) activity which can be caused by the change of microflora in favor of coliform bacteria. These findings indicate the positive effects of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum LS/07 and suggest its use in disease prevention in human medicine and some animal species.
8
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Obturacyjny bezdech podczas snu u pacjentów zakwalifikowanych do endarterektomii tętnic szyjnych – badanie wstępne

88%
Migacz E., Proczka R., Krzeski A., Kukwa W.
Polish Journal of Otolaryngology
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2018
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vol. 72
|
issue 4
17-20
PL
Wstęp: Związek między obturacyjnym bezdechem podczas snu (OBPS) a miażdżycą jest potwierdzony od wielu lat, choć patomechanizm tego zjawiska nadal nie jest poznany. Celem badania było określenie częstości OBPS u pacjentów zakwalifikowanych do endarterektomii oraz określenie wpływu tej procedury na parametry badania snu i występowanie senności dziennej. Materiał i metody: Do badania włączono 46 pacjentów zakwalifikowanych do endarterektomii otwartej. Przed zabiegiem wykonano badanie snu i zastosowano skalę senności Epworth. U 11 z 46 osób przeprowadzono badania snu także po operacji. Wyniki: Średnia wieku w grupie badanej wyniosła 69,9 lat (± SD = 8,6), 21 pacjentów (45,7%) stanowiły kobiety. Średnia wartość pAHI, ODI, pRDI i procent czasu chrapania wyniosły odpowiednio 16.2 (± SD=15.2), 10.4 (± SD=12.2), 18.9 (± SD=14.9) oraz 9,9 (± SD=17). Prawidłowe wartości pAHI uzyskało 14 pacjentów (30%), podczas gdy łagodny OBPS (pAHI 5–15) zaobserwowano u 13 pacjentów (38%), umiarkowany OBPS (pAHI 15–30) u 11 pacjentów (24%), a ciężki OBPS (pAHI >30) u pacjentów 8 (18%). Średnia wartość skali senności Epworth u 27 z 46 pacjentów wyniosła 6,3 (± SD = 5,6). Pooperacyjne wartości parametrów badania snu u 11 pacjentów nie zmieniły się statystycznie znamiennie. Wnioski: Badanie wykazało występowanie OBPS w stopniu umiarkowanym i ciężkim u 42% pacjentów zakwalifikowanych do endarterektomii, natomiast nie stwierdzono nadmiernej senności w tej grupie. Pokazuje to, że u pacjentów kwalifikowanych do endarterektomii tętnic szyjnych należy wykonać diagnostykę snu w celu wykluczenia OBPS.
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Fatty acid and phospholipid chlorohydrins cause cell stress and endothelial adhesion

88%
Dever G., Wainwright C. L., Kennedy S., Spickett C. M.
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2006
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vol. 53
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issue 4
761-768
EN
The oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is thought to contribute to atherogenesis, which is an inflammatory disease involving activation of phagocytic cells. Myeloperoxidase, an enzyme which is able to produce hypochlorous acid (HOCl), is released from these phagocytic cells, and has been found in an active form in atherosclerotic plaques. HOCl can oxidize both the lipid and protein moiety of LDL, and HOCl-modified LDL has been found to be pro-inflammatory, although it is not known which component is responsible for this effect. As HOCl can oxidize lipids to give chlorohydrins, we hypothesized that phospholipid chlorohydrins might have toxic and pro-inflammatory effects. We have formed chlorohydrins from fatty acids (oleic, linoleic and arachidonic acids) and from phospholipids (stearoyl-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine, stearoyl-linoleoyl phosphatidylcholine and stearoyl-arachidonoyl phosphatidylcholine), and investigated various biological effects of these oxidation products. Fatty acid and phospholipid chlorohydrins were found to deplete ATP levels in U937 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, with significant effects observed at concentrations of 25 µM and above. Low concentrations (25 µM) of stearoyl-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine and stearoyl-arachidonoyl phosphatidylcholine chlorohydrins were also found to increase caspase-3 activity. Finally, stearoyl-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine chlorohydrin increased leukocyte adhesion to artery segments isolated from C57Bl/6 mice. These results demonstrate potentially harmful effects of lipid chlorohydrins, and suggest that they may contribute to some of the pro-inflammatory effects that HOCl-modified low density lipoprotein has been found to induce.
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Carbon monoxide - a "new" gaseous modulator of gene expression.

88%
Dulak J., Józkowicz A.
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2003
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vol. 50
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issue 1
31-47
EN
Carbon monoxide (CO) is an odorless, tasteless and colorless gas which is generated by heme oxygenase enzymes (HOs). HOs degrade heme releasing equimolar amounts of CO, iron and biliverdin, which is subsequently reduced to bilirubin. CO shares many properties with nitric oxide (NO), an established cellular messenger. Both CO and NO are involved in neural transmission and modulation of blood vessel function, including their relaxation and inhibition of platelet aggregation. CO, like NO, binds to heme proteins, although CO binds only ferrous (FeII) heme, whereas NO binds both ferrous and ferric (FeIII). CO enhances the activity of guanylate cyclase although it is less potent than NO. In contrast, CO inhibits other heme proteins, such as catalase or cytochrome P450. The effects of CO on gene expression can be thus varied, depending on the cellular microenvironment and the metabolic pathway being influenced. In this review the regulation of gene expression by HO/CO in the cardiovascular system is discussed. Recent data, derived also from our studies, indicate that HO/CO are significant modulators of inflammatory reactions, influencing the underlying processes such as cell proliferation and production of cytokines and growth factors.
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Opposite changes of regulatory T cell blood content may differentially contribute to atherosclerosis or lymphoproliferative disorders

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Pylaeva E., Potekhina A., Pogorelova O., Tripoten M., Balakhonova T., Filatova A., Klesareva E., Afanasieva O., Noeva E., Arefieva T.
OncoReview
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2016
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vol. 6
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issue 1
A29-36
EN
Background. Chronic autoimmune inflammation in arterial wall may lead to atherosclerosis progression. Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between Treg, Th17 and B1a cell blood frequencies as well as IgM autoantibodies to oxLDL and the abundance of carotid atherosclerosis. Material and methods. 18 patients with increased IMT (intima-media thickness) and 65 patients with different severity of carotid atherosclerotic plaques were included. Treg, Th17 and B1a cell blood frequencies were assessed via direct immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry, oxLDL as well as IgM autoantibodies to oxLDL were measured with commercial kits. Results. We observed higher values of Treg in patients without carotid atherosclerosis. Patients with intact carotid arteries as compared to patients with mild atherosclerotic plaques had decreased Th1 levels. OxLDL IgM levels were higher in patients with intact carotid arteries. Patients who received statin treatment had higher levels of Treg. Immunophenotyping of B cells revealed two cases of monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis and 1 case of B-CLL (B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia) in elderly patients with intact carotid arteries. Conclusion. We hypothesize that certain parameters of cell immunity may hamper atherosclerosis while protecting from lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Regulation of cell function by isoforms of C-reactive protein: A comparative analysis

88%
Boncler M., Watała C.
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issue 1
17-31
EN
Despite the emerging evidence suggesting a proatherogenic role of C-reactive protein (CRP) in atherosclerosis, the contribution of CRP in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis has not been unequivocally defined. The role of CRP in pathophysiology/pathology seems to largely depend on its structure. Two CRP isoforms, the native pentameric and the modified monomeric one, differ substantially in their physiological functions, which is thought to origin from the considerable structural heterogeneity of the CRP molecule. The present review provides an overview of the experimental evidence with relevance to the clinical role(s) of various CRP isoforms. The biological role of the protein, its structure and distribution are discussed with particular emphasis on the diverse properties of the pentameric and monomeric forms of CRP. Some methodological aspects, related to experimental models and techniques of CRP preparation, are also critically reviewed.
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Personal Experiences in Treatment of Diabetic Foot Syndrome

88%
Lewandowski A., Paszta W., Nowatorski W.
Polish Journal of Surgery
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2008
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vol. 80
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issue 11
609-614
EN
Changes like deformities, ulcerations, infection and destruction of deep tissues of foot caused by diabetes mellitus are called diabetic foot syndrome. About 2.5 million people (6% of population) suffer from diabetes mellitus in Poland. About 100 000 of them suffer from diabetic foot syndrome.The aim of the study was to retrospectively analyze patients with diabetic foot syndrome and present results of the surgical treatment of these patients.Material and methods. The study group comprised 112 patients of both sexes aged between 34 and 90 years treated in our Department of Surgery from January 2003 to December 2007. The mean age for men was 61 years and for women - 72 years. Most patients in the study group were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (89.2% in men and 95.7% in women). Symptomatic atherosclerosis occurred in 25% of treated patients.Results. 112 patients with diabetic foot syndrome needed 144 hospitalizations (65 male patients needed 86 hospitalizations and 47 female patients needed 58 hospitalizations). The average hospitalization duration for male patients was 24 days and for female patients was 22 days. 8 patients (7,1%) died - 3 men and 5 women. 82 (73%) patients were operated. Operative methods consisted of phlegmon incision, amputation of toes, metacarpal amputation and amputation of limb under and above the knee. 38 different bacterial species were cultured as the results of microbiological evaluations in 71 patients.Conclusions. Patients with diabetic foot syndrome are hospitalized in department of surgery many times, they need multidisciplinary treatment and can be a source of nosocomial infections.
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The heparan sulfate and its diverse biological activities

88%
Kaznowska-Bystryk I.
Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences
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2014
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vol. 27
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issue 4
209-212
EN
Heparan sulfate (HS) is one of the most common glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in mammals. It is composed of relatively simple disaccharide subunits, which, by further modification, such as sulfation and epimerization, potentially offer huge diversity in biological function. GAG chains of different length, different patterns of sulfation, and other modifications, depending on location, generate unique forms. Due to polyanion charges, these compounds can interact with other molecules, such as proteins, cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, both on the cell surface and inside the extracellular matrix. These interactions serve protective and storage functions for the compounds, safeguarding them from proteolysis. In this way, HS is involved in numerous signaling pathways, and in growth and differentiation processes. Disrupted interactions between the HS and growth factors, cytokines or other proteins have been observed in various disorders, among these Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cancer processes. Detailed knowledge of these relationships at the molecular level will allow researchers to understand the mechanisms underlying these disorders and enable the development of effective therapeutic strategies.
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The gene expression of class III inhibitors of apoptosis in arteriosclerotic disease

88%
Gil-Kulik P., Niedojadło A., Feldo M., Karwat J., Kotuła L., Chomik P., Dudek I., Filas M., Wojcieszek A., Zubilewicz T., Bogucka-Kocka A., Kocki J.
Polish Journal of Public Health
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2015
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vol. 124
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issue 1
38-41
EN
Introduction. Recent research shows that programmed cell death has great importance in the pathomechanism of atherosclerosis. The BIRC5 and BIRC6 genes belong to Class III IAPs with the anti-apoptotic effect. The proteins display multidirectional action. According to the available literature, in addition to the effect of apoptosis inhibition they also display other properties. It is suggested that they play an important role in the processes of proliferation and cellular differentiation. Aim. The aim of the study was to assess the expression of the BIRC5 and BIRC6 genes in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes and in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients diagnosed with atherosclerosis. Material and methods. The analysis was carried out on RNA samples obtained from peripheral blood lymphocytes of 21 patients with diagnosed atherosclerosis. The specific fragment of the analysed gene was obtained through amplification with the use of cDNA synthesised in the reaction of reverse transcription. The test of expression was conducted with the use of the Real-Time PCR method. In the studied cases, the level of expression of the analysed gene was compared to the level of expression of the reference gene, B2M. Results. The study showed that mRNA of the BIRC5 and BIRC6 genes is present in the cells of patients with atherosclerosis, as well as in the cells of healthy individuals. The cells taken from the patients with atherosclerosis were mainly characterized by an increased gene expression in comparison to the normal cells. Conclusion. Increased BIRC6 and BIRC5 gene expression in the cells of the patients with atherosclerosis can suggest an increased amount of the inhibitor protein BRUCE and survivin, and also decreased sensitivity of cells to apoptosis. In the case of the patients who had significantly higher expression of the BIRC6 gene in lymphocytes compared to the norm, hypertension and diabetes mellitus were more common
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Pierwotne i wtórne amputacje kończyn dolnych w materiale jednego ośrodka

75%
Badora A., Będkowska P., Budziński G.
Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis
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2012
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vol. 66
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issue 2
7-12
EN
INTRODUCTION Critical ischaemia and necrosis of the lower limb are reasons for amputation, whose level depends on the intensity of ischaemia, extend of atherosclerotic changes and possibilities of revscularisation. Despite undertaking revaskularisation a group of patients needs amputation of the operated limb. The main risk factors of limb loss are: atherosclerosis of blood-vessles of the lower limb, diabetes mellitus and arteriosclerosis obliterans. The aim of the study was to analyse reasons for lower limb amputation and to evaluate the infl uence of age, BMI and the level of hematocrit on choosing the method of treatment. We also analysed the diff erence between the group of patients with primary amputation and the group of patients with secondary amputation when it comes to the lenght and the number of hospital stays. MATERIAL AND METHODS A group of 88 patients, who have undergone amputation between 2004 and 2009 was analised. The group consisted 64 (72.7%) mens and 24 (27.3%) woman. The primary amputation was performed on 59 patients – on 41 (69.5%) patients a major amputation, on 18 (30.5%) patients a minor amputation. The secondary amputation was performed on 38 patients – on 15 (39.5%) patients a major amputation; on 23 (60.5%) patients a minor amputation. It was necessary to perform reamputation on 14 patients, on 9 (17.3%) patients after the primary amputation, on 5 (15.2%) patients after the secondary amputation. The statistical analysis was performed with the use of U Mann-Whitney’s test. RESULTS Patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans, atherosclerosis of blood-vessles of the lower limb and diabetes mallitus needed primary amputation more frequently (p = 0.01). The level of hematocrit, age and BMI do not aff ect the method of treatment (p = 0.28; p = 0.53; p = 0.93). There is no diff erence between the group of patients with primary amputation and the group of patients with secondary amputation, when it comes to the lenght and the number of hospital stays (p = 0.09; p = 0.95). CONCLUSIONS The most common reasons for amputation were: atherosclerosis of blood-vessles of the lower limb and arteriosclerosis obliterans. The level of hematocrit, age and BMI do not aff ect the method of treatment. There is no diff erence between the group of patients with primary amputation and the group of patients with secondary amputation, when it comes to the lenght and the number of hospital stays.
PL
WSTĘP Krytyczne niedokrwienie oraz martwica kończyny dolnej stanowią wskazanie do amputacji, której poziom zależy od nasilenia zmian niedokrwiennych, rozległości procesu miażdżycowego naczyń oraz możliwości leczenia rewaskularyzacyjnego. Pomimo prób rewaskularyzacji, pewna grupa pacjentów wymaga późniejszej amputacji kończyny operowanej. Najistotniejszymi czynnikami ryzyka utraty kończyny są: miażdżyca naczyń obwodowych kończyn dolnych, cukrzyca i zarostowo-zakrzepowe zapalenie naczyń. Celem pracy była analiza wskazań do amputacji kończyny dolnej, ocena wpływu BMI i wieku pacjenta oraz wyjściowej wartości hematokrytu na wybór metody postępowania oraz porównanie liczby i łącznej długości hospitalizacji pacjentów poddanych amputacji pierwotnej oraz pacjentów poddanych amputacji wtórnej. MATERIAŁ I METODY Przeanalizowano dokumentację medyczną 88 chorych, u których w latach 2004–2009 przeprowadzono amputacje pierwotne oraz wtórne. Grupa liczyła 64 (72,7%) mężczyzn i 24 (27,3%) kobiety. Amputację pierwotną wykonano u 59 pacjentów: u 41 (69,5%) dużą, u 18 (30,5%) małą. Amputację wtórną wykonano u 38 chorych: u 15 (39,5%) dużą, u 23 (60,5%) małą. Reamputacji wymagało 14 pacjentów, 9 (17,3%) po amputacji pierwotnej i 5 (15,2%) po amputacji wtórnej. Do analizy statystycznej zastosowano test U Manna-Whitneya. Przyjęto poziom istotności p(􀄮) ≤ 0,05. WYNIKI Pacjenci z zakrzepowo-zarostowym zapaleniem naczyń, miażdżycą naczyń obwodowych kończyn dolnych oraz cukrzycą istotnie częściej wymagali amputacji pierwotnej (p = 0,01). Wyjściowa wartość hematokrytu, wiek oraz BMI chorego nie wpływają na wybór metody postępowania (odpowiednio: p = 0,28; p = 0,53; p = 0,93). Grupa pacjentów, u których przeprowadzono amputacje pierwotne, nie różni się istotnie pod względem długości i liczby hospitalizacji od grupy, u której przeprowadzono amputacje wtórne (odpowiednio: p = 0,09; p = 0,95). WNIOSKI Najczęstszymi wskazaniami do amputacji były: powikłania w przebiegu miażdżycy zarostowej tętnic kończyn dolnych oraz zakrzepowo-zarostowego zapalenia naczyń. Wiek chorego, wyjściowa wartość hematokrytu oraz wskaźnik BMI nie powinny mieć decydującego wpływu na wybór metody postępowania. Pacjenci poddawani amputacji pierwotnej nie różnią się istotnie pod względem łącznej długości oraz liczby hospitalizacji od pacjentów po amputacji wtórnej.
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Morphological evaluation of the iliac and femoral arteries; possibilities and perspectives

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Dziekiewicz M., Markiewicz T., Kozłowski W., Maruszyński M.
Polish Journal of Surgery
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2015
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vol. 86
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issue 1
1-6
EN
The study presented an approach to the morphometric image of atherosclerotic lesions of the final segment of the abdominal aorta, femoral and iliac arteries, considering possible endovascular intervention. The evaluation of these arteries is very important, because they are often used as a point of access for endovascular procedures performed on the peripheral arteries, or within the thoracic and abdominal aorta and its branches, as well as coronary arteries. The aim of the study was to determine morphometric measurements describing the atherosclerotic lesions, including the methodology of their surgical interpretation. Material and methods. The study group comprised 128 tomograms of patients qualified for surgery. An algorithm based on the mathematical morphology was designed to track the vessels, starting from the division of the common femoral artery, and ending at the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta. We proposed a set of numerical measurements of the observed arterial changes. Results and conclusions. We analysed 128 tomograms with a 94.5% efficiency, and with the assessment accuracy of the degree of lumen reduction (MAE- 1.5%). We observed much higher measurement values of local tortuosity of the atherosclerotic arteries (0.3 - 1 radians), as compared to their anatomical course in a healthy subject (0 - 0.2 radians). The presented method can be a very accurate and useful tool in the numerical analysis of the lumen distribution of the arteries and atherosclerosis, dedicated to surgeons elaborating management strategies.
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Inhibition and regression of atherosclerotic lesions.

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Oka K., Chan L.
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2005
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vol. 52
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issue 2
311-319
EN
Atherosclerosis, once believed to be a result of a slow, irreversible process resulting from lipid accumulation in arterial walls, is now recognized as a dynamic process with reversibility. Liver-directed gene therapy for dyslipidemia aims to treat patients who are not responsive to currently available primary and secondary prevention. Moreover, gene therapy strategies have also proved valuable in studying the dynamics of atherosclerotic lesion formation, progression, and remodeling in experimental animals. Recent results on the long-term effect of gene therapy suggest that hepatic expression of therapeutic genes suppresses inflammation and has profound effects on the nature of the atherogenic process.
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Content available

Structure and function relationships of proteins based on polar profile: a review

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Polanco C., Buhse T., Uversky V.
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2016
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vol. 63
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issue 2
229-233
EN
Proteins in the post-genome era impose diverse research challenges, the main are the understanding of their structure-function mechanism, and the growing need for new pharmaceutical drugs, particularly antibiotics that help clinicians treat the ever- increasing number of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms (MDROs). Although, there is a wide range of mathematical-computational algorithms to satisfy the demand, among them the Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship algorithms that have shown better performance using a characteristic training data of the property searched; their performance has stagnated regardless of the number of metrics they evaluate and their complexity. This article reviews the characteristics of these metrics, and the need to reconsider the mathematical structure that expresses them, directing their design to a more comprehensive algebraic structure. It also shows how the main function of a protein can be determined by measuring the polarity of its linear sequence, with a high level of accuracy, and how such exhaustive metric stands as a "fingerprint" that can be applied to scan the protein regions to obtain new pharmaceutical drugs, and thus to establish how the singularities led to the specialization of the protein groups known today.
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RANKL i osteoprotegeryna, czynniki regulujące procesy metaboliczne w układzie kostnym, w patogenezie miażdżycy

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Janas A., Hanke T., Folwarczna J.
Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis
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2011
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vol. 65
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issue 3
64-70
EN
A correlation between occurrence of osteoporosis and atherosclerosis with vascular calcifi cation has been found in recent years. The most signifi cant link between atherosclerosis and osteoporosis seem to be nuclear factor 􀈛B and the receptor activator of nuclear factor 􀈛B ligand (RANKL)/receptor activator of nuclear factor 􀈛B (RANK)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) system – one of the fundamental mechanisms regulating metabolic processes in the skeletal system. Most experimental data indicate a negative eff ect of RANKL and protective eff ect of OPG in development of calcifi cation and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaque. However, a potential unfavourable role of excessive jest: of ar therosclerosis ma być: OPG in the pathomechanism of atherosclerosis also needs to be considered. The role of RANKL and OPG in pathogenesis of osteoporosis and atherosclerosis has been presented in the study.
PL
W ostatnich latach została wykazana korelacja między występowaniem osteoporozy i miażdżycy z wapnieniem naczyń. Jak się wydaje, najważniejszymi czynnikami łączącymi miażdżycę z osteoporozą są czynnik jądrowy 􀈛B i układ: ligand receptora aktywującego czynnik jądrowy 􀈛B (RANKL)/receptor aktywujący czynnik jądrowy 􀈛B (RANK)/osteoprotegeryna (OPG), jeden z podstawowych mechanizmów regulujących procesy metaboliczne w układzie kostnym. Większość danych eksperymentalnych wskazuje na niekorzystne działanie RANKL i ochronne działanie OPG w rozwoju wapnienia i destabilizacji blaszki miażdżycowej, należy jednak brać pod uwagę także możliwość niekorzystnego udziału nadmiaru OPG w patomechanizmie miażdżycy. W pracy przedstawiono rolę RANKL i OPG w patogenezie osteoporozy i miażdżycy.
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