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vol. XVII
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issue 2
260-275
EN
The article is a review of neuroimaging studies performed during the Stroop paradigm based tasks among individuals suffering from unipolar and bipolar depression. The aim of the article is to highlight the validity od Stroop paradigm in neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric diagnosis of depressin, used as a tool for assessing cognitive functioning, but also claryfying the etiopathology of depressive disorders. The first of the article is a review of previous reports, describing resting brain activity abnormalities in affective disorders called neurocorrelates of depression. Then the most common cognitive dysfunctions represented by unipolar and bipolar patents will be discussed brefly and the impact of these dysfuctionts on Stroop test performance. In the last two parts of the article you can find a review of neuroimaging studies during Stroop task performance among healthy individuals and also the comparisons of brain activity during the Stroop interference effect in the group of healthy and depressive subjects. Different brain activity during stroop task among patients suffering from depression comaring with healthy individuals and some differences in brain pattern during the same cognitive task among unipolar and bipolar individuals may indicate the validity of Stroop test in neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric diagnosis.
EN
This article highlights the role of psychiatric illness, mainly the affective disorders, in the work of famous painters throughout the centuries. Especially paintings from well-known artists such as Pieter Bruegel, Albrecht Dürer, Henri de Toulouse – Lautrec, Vincent van Gogh, Edward Munch, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Frida Kahlo and Lucian Freud are discussed in detail. While pain and disease are unavoidable parts of human life artists are especially sensitive to suffering and melancholy. Artists should create honest and true art which gives a reflection of the times they live in. Through their art they should give a reason to look closer and understand people and circumstances. Overidentification of the artist with that mission may, however, lead to overwhelmingly deep compassion and may cause depression. On the positive side art may contribute to higher awareness concerning many diseases and thus provide a strong impulse to more intense research activity or social tolerance, which finally will considerably improve the situation of the patients.
EN
The aim of the study was to present the antidepressive and mood-stabilizing properties of memantine, i.e. a drug currently registered for treatment of severe forms of dementia of Alzheimer’s type. Apart from introducing the primary information on this substance, we have focussed in this study on presentation of the hitherto published results of its use in affective disorders. Available literature on the clinical applications of memantine is scarce, presenting single investigations of small groups of patients with recurrent depressive disorders, in mania in the course of affective bipolar disease as well as several case study descriptions, including the depressive episode in the course of affective bipolar disease. Preliminary results are quite optimistic, however they do not authorize to unambiguous conclusions at the present stage. Emphasized is the high safety of the use of memantine and, obviously, the need to carry out further, methodologically well-planned studies which would comprise larger groups of patients and would evaluate the effects of memantine in patients with bipolar depression or mixed episode of affective bipolar disease. Owing to fast clinical action of antagonists of glutamatergic NMDA receptor, memantine would be an interesting, safe and convenient therapeutic alternative; in view of its use in everyday clinical work it would be much more advantageous, safer and easier to use than ketamine – another antagonist of NMDA. What seems particularly important, memantine gives a potential chance to improve the cognitive functioning, which is used in therapy of dementia, whereas in affective disorders actually it has not been examined so far.
PL
Celem pracy było przedstawienie właściwości przeciwdepresyjnych i normotymicznych memantyny, leku obecnie zarejestrowanego w leczeniu cięższych postaci otępienia typu alzheimerowskiego. W pracy, oprócz przybliżenia podstawowych informacji na temat tej substancji, skupiliśmy się na przedstawieniu dotychczas opublikowanych wyników jej stosowania w zaburzeniach afektywnych. Dostępne piśmiennictwo klinicznych zastosowań memantyny jest w tym zakresie bardzo ubogie, obejmuje pojedyncze badania w niewielkich grupach pacjentów z zaburzeniami depresyjnymi nawracającymi, w manii w przebiegu choroby afektywnej dwubiegunowej, jak również kilka opisów kazuistycznych, w tym w epizodzie depresyjnym w przebiegu zaburzenia dwubiegunowego. Wstępne wyniki są dość optymistyczne, jakkolwiek nie upoważniają na obecnym etapie do jednoznacznych konkluzji. Podkreślane jest duże bezpieczeństwo stosowania memantyny oraz, co oczywiste, potrzeba przeprowadzenia kolejnych, dobrze zaplanowanych metodologicznie badań, które objęłyby większe grupy pacjentów, a także oceniałyby działanie memantyny u chorych z depresją dwubiegunową czy epizodem mieszanym ChAD. Ze względu na szybkie działanie kliniczne antagonistów glutaminianergicznego receptora NMDA memantyna byłaby interesującą i wygodną alternatywą terapeutyczną, z perspektywy zastosowania w codziennej pracy klinicznej znacznie korzystniejszą, dużo bezpieczniejszą i łatwiejszą w zastosowaniu od ketaminy, innego antagonisty NMDA. Co wydaje się szczególnie ważne, memantyna daje potencjalnie szansę na poprawę funkcjonowania poznawczego, co jest wykorzystywane w terapii otępień, zaś w zaburzeniach afektywnych dotychczas praktycznie nie było badane.
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