The novel type of detector for X-ray energy evaluation has been developed. Thanks to a simultaneous analysis of the attenuation of X-rays by different thicknesses of well known material, the maximum energy of electrons on the conversion target can be deducted. Fast operation allows for pulse-to-pulse measurement, which is a must for modern, interlaced-energy cargo inspection systems. In this article the construction of the detector and software description are presented.
This paper adresses the problem of above-threshold ionization (ATI) of hydrogen interacting with an intense X-ray electromagnetic field. Two approaches have been used. In the first approach, we calculate generalized differential and total cross sections based on second-order perturbation theory for the electron interaction with a monochromatic plane wave, with the A 2 and A · P contributions from the nonrelativistic Hamiltonian (including retardation) treated exactly. In the second approach, we solve the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE) for a pulsed plane wave using a spectral approach with a basis of oneelectron orbitals, calculated with L 2-integrable B-spline functions for the radial coordinate and spherical harmonics Y lm for the angular part. Retardation effects are included up to O(1/c), they induce extra terms forcing the resolution of the TDSE in a three dimensional space. Relativistic effects [of O (1/c 2)] are fully neglected. The isoelectronic series of hydrogen is explored in the range Z = 1 − 5 in both TDSE and perturbative approaches. Photoelectron angular distributions are obtained for photon energies of 1 keV and 3 keV for hydrogen, and photon energy of 25 keV for the hydrogenic ion B4+. Perturbative and TDSE calculations are compared.
The title compound, trans-K2[Co(C2O4)2(H2O)2]·4H2O, was synthesised, and characterised by elemental analysis. Acid dissociation constants for the complex were determined by potentiometric titration and calculated by STOICHIO program. The crystal structure of trans-K2[Co(C2O4)2(H2O)2]·4H2O was determined by X-ray diffraction studies. The asymmetric part of the unit cell contains one symmetric anion of oxalate and water molecule bound with Co(II) ion in crystallographic special position, one potassium cation and two molecules of water. Thermal properties of the complex were examined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). A decomposition mechanism is proposed on the basis of the results.
A palladium complex with an aminophosphine ligand has been prepared and investigated as a catalyst precursor in Suzuki coupling reactions in toluene. Nanoparticles composed of elemental palladium have been isolated from the reaction media and analyzed using transmission electroscopic microscope (TEM), which shows the essential catalysts palladium nanoparticles to have a size of ca. 3.0 nm. [...]