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1

Identification of wheat cultivars using molecular methods

100%
Borsuk P., Moraczewski I., Czaplicki A.
Biotechnologia
|
2001
|
issue 1
119-126
EN
We used RAPD created polymorphism to analyze the diversity of wheat cultivars. Preliminary analysis of the wheat genome polymorphism by the RAPD indicated that the technique is useful for the identification of similarities between cultivars. Using 10 different primers we studied the pattern of specific amplified DNA fragments ? bands of 90 wheat varieties ? and we found that three of these primers generated high level of polymorphism. One of these primers, selected for further studies, generated 38 bands with molecular weight in the range from 215 to 1300 bp. For the purpose of diversity analysis, all polymorphic loci were scored as present/absent. The bivariate 1-0 data were used as the raw matrix. A square symmetric matrix of similarity was obtained using the Czekanowski-Sorensen coefficient. Similarity matrix was then used for cluster analysis using the Unweighted Pair Group Method of Averages (UPGMA) technique. A result was a fingerprint of all varieties, that allows for their identification. Using numerical taxonomy we identified in the analyzed group of varieties 10 clusters that indicated high variability of genetic material in this group.
2

Plant height and yield components of inbred isogenic and F1 hybrid Rht dwarf wheats

100%
Flintham J. E., Gale M. D.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
1998
|
vol. 39
|
issue 1
73-83
EN
Single and double-gene Rht1, Rht2, Rht3, Rht1 + Rht2 and Rht3 + Rht2 isogenic lines of wheat in four parental rht varieties were grown in drilled yield trials at four sites in 1989. The same lines were also grown in 1988 together with hybrid genotypes from CHA (chemical hybridising agent) F1 production plots. In the inbred lines shorter than one metre, Rht alleles reduced total shoot biomass by shortening the straw; mass of straw per unit plant height was unaffected. Highest grain yield was obtained from plant heights between 70 and 100 cm. The Rht genotype achieving this stature varied according to parent varietal height. The hybrids grown allowed comparisons between intra- and inter-varietal crosses over a range of Rht genotypes. In F1 hybrids positive heterosis was observed for plant height, grain yield and mean grain weight. Highest yields were obtained from inter-varietal hybrids carrying one, two or three doses of Rht1 or Rht2 or one dose of Rht3. An Rht3/rht hybrid showed resistance to premature ?-amylase production during grain ripening.
3

Agronomic performance of wheat doubled haploids produced through wheat x maize crosses

80%
Guzy-Wrobelska J., Szarejko I., Nawrot M., Madajewska M.
Biotechnologia
|
2001
|
issue 2
72-79
EN
Wheat x maize crosses are used as a method of wheat doubled haploid (DH) production, alternative to anther culture. The study was conducted to compare the agronomic performance of DH lines produced through wide crosses with lines obtained by the single seed descent (SSD) method from the same plant material. F1 progeny of spring wheat varieties: Eta x Sigma (both Polish) and Eta x Darkhan 15 (Mongolian) were used for DH and SSD production. Doubled haploids (DH3, DH4) and SSD (F5) lines from both genotypes were evaluated for plant height, spike length, tillering, grain weight and number per plant and 1000 grain weight in a randomised, three replicated experiment. Mean performance, coefficient of variation and frequency distribution of DH and SSD lines were similar for most of the analysed traits. The comparison of the best 10% of DH and SSD lines from both crosses (selected on the basis of grain weight per plant) confirmed their similar performance. For the majority of the analysed characters, the best DH lines derived from both DH populations did not differ from better parents and check varieties. Ten percent of Eta x Sigma DH lines performed significantly better for 1000 grain weight than both parental genotypes, heterotic F1 and check varieties. The results indicate that maize pollination system is an efficient method of producing high yielding homozygous lines of wheat and it may be recommended for a wide use in wheat breeding programmes.
4

Characterization of the suppressor gene of powdery mildew resistance gene Pm8 in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Regina

80%
Hanusova R., Bartosi P., Zeller F.
|
|
vol. 38
|
issue 1
11-17
EN
The Czech winter wheat cv. Regina which does not possess specific genes for powdery mildew resistance except Pm5 was crossed with the cvs. Florida, Tjelvar, Agra, Olymp and Sabina, all possessing T1BL?1RS and the dominant suppressor SuPm8, with Riebesel 47/51 possessing substitution 1R 1B and SuPm8 and with the T1BL?1RS cvs. Sparta, Iris, Mona without SuPm8. Powdery mildew isolates avirulent on Pm8 and virulent on other Pm genes were used in the trials. Tests for resistance were carried out either on seedlings at the first leaf stage or on detached leaves cultured on benzimidazolagar. No segregation for resistant plants in F2 of all crosses of the cv. Regina with cultivars possessing T1BL?1RS and SuPm8 indicates that Regina has SuPm8. The segregation ratio 3 resistant : 13 susceptible in the F2 population of crosses between the cv. Regina and cultivars possessing T1BL?1RS and no SuPm8 also confirms the presence of SuPm8 in the cv. Regina. The obtained results also indicate that expression of Pm2 and Pm4b is not affected by SuPm8 and that SuPm8 does not affect stem rust resistance gene Sr31 located on 1RS segment.
5

Genetic mapping of a mutant gene producing three pistils per floret in common wheat

80%
Peng Z.-S., Martinek P., Kosuge K., Kuboyama T., Watanabe N.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2008
|
vol. 49
|
issue 2
135-139
EN
A common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) mutation that produces 3 pistils (TP) per floret may result in formation of up to 3 kernels per floret. The TP trait may be important for increasing the number of grains per spike and for improving the yield potential through breeding. This trait is determined by the dominant Pis1 gene. Genetic mapping of Pis1 involved 234 microsatellite markers and bulk segregant analysis of a cross of the TP line with Novosibirskaya 67. The Pis1 gene is located on chromosome 2DL, between markers Xgwm539 and Xgwm349. This result does not agree with a previously published localization of the Pis1 gene on chromosome 5B. The possible importance of TP wheat as an alternative genetic resource is discussed.
6

The influence of various light spectra on the efficiency of somatic embryogenesis

80%
Menke-Milczarek I., Zebrowski J., Zimny J.
Biotechnologia
|
2001
|
issue 2
99-103
EN
The aim of presented work was to investigate the impact of various light spectra on the efficiency and intensity of wheat somatic embryogenesis. The efficiency of somatic embryogenesis was defined as a percentage of explants forming somatic embryos in reference to all cultured explants. Immature embryos at the spherical coleoptile stage were excised from seeds of a few varieties of wheat and placed onto MS medium (1962) supplemented with 30 muM Dicamba. The influence of blue, white and red light on the callus growth and induction of somatic embryogenesis was compared. Increase in proportion between the red (600-700nm) and blue (400-500nm) component of light spectrum accelerated development of somatic embryos and increased the efficiency of somatic embryogenesis.
7

Anther and microspore cultures of barley and wheat

80%
Kasha K. J., Ziauddin A., Cho U.-H., Simion E., Petroski R., Cistue L.
|
|
vol. 38
|
issue 4
373-380
EN
This paper briefly cites the various procedures for the production of doubled haploids in barley and wheat. Various associated terms are defined and the factor involved in haploid production are outlined. Isolated microspore cultures offer some advantages over anther culture. Our current procedures for isolated microspore culture of barley and wheat are presented and compared.
8

Leaf rust resistance genes of wheat: identification in cultivars and resistance sources

80%
Stepien L., Golka L., Chelkowski J.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2003
|
vol. 44
|
issue 2
139-149
EN
Thirty-seven wheat cultivars originating from seven European countries were examined by using sequence tagged site (STS) markers for seven Lr (leaf rust = brown rust) resistance genes against the fungal pathogen of wheat Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici (Lr9, Lr10, Lr19, Lr24, Lr26 and Lr37). Additionally, 22 accessions with various Lr genes from two germplasm collections were tested. A Scar (sequence-characterized amplified region) marker for Lr24 and a CAPS (Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence) marker for Lr47 were also used to identify those genes in the wheat accessions. Each marker amplified one specific DNA fragment. Three Lr gene markers were identified in wheat cultivars (Lr10, Lr26 and Lr37). Another four markers (Lr9, Lr19, Lr24 and Lr47) were found in breeding lines carrying leaf rust resistance genes. The results were compared with leaf rust resistance gene postulations made in previous studies, based on multipathotype testing. Markers for Lr10, Lr26 and Lr37 may be useful in marker-assisted breeding.
9

Synthesis of bridging hybrids in the process of introduction of diploid wheat genomes into hexaploid wheat

80%
Sodkiewicz W., Majewska M., Sodkiewicz T.
Biotechnologia
|
2001
|
issue 2
80-85
EN
Wild related species are a useful reservoir of valuable genes for widening the genetic base of wheat and for the reduction of the vulnerability of wheat cultivars to pathogens, fungal diseases and environmental hazards. In this work, the action of prezygotic and postzygotic incrossability barriers was characterized, determining the possibilities of direct introduction of Am - genome from Triticum monococcum and D-genome from Triticum. tauschii into T. aestivum cultivars, with elimination of commonly performed bridging hybridisation with tetraploid wheat. As gene recipient parents, Polish cultivars of hexaploid wheat cv. Omega, cv. Igna (spring) and cv. Tercja (winter) were used. Application of wheat cultivars as female parents in hybridisation with T. tauschii yielded a very low percentage of effective pollination (0-1.2%). In reciprocal crosses prezygotic incompatibility barriers were more weakly expressed, and percentages of effective pollination (i.e. pollination which initiates the first steps of seed development) were from 28.3 to 32.4. The ability to form callus on MS medium with standard for areals concentration of growth regulators (i.e. 1 mg dcm-3 IAA and 1.0 mg dcm-3 kinetine) was positively correlated with F1 plants regeneration rate. Introduction of Am - genome into common wheat cultivars can be performed exclusively using T. monococcum as a male parent because of pollen sterility caused by T. monococcum cytoplasm in hybrid progeny. After pollination of T. aestivum stigmas with pollen of T. monococcum the frequency of effective pollination was 1.2-4.9%. The most important factor influencing the results of in vitro culture was the lethality of young seedlings, caused by postzygotic gene incompatibility.
10

Identification of powdery mildew resistance genes in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.). X. Cultivars grown in Belarus and neighbouring countries

80%
Gordei S. I., Hsam S. L. K., Zeller F. J.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
1998
|
vol. 39
|
issue 1
1-8
EN
Sixty-six wheat cultivars grown in Belarus, Poland, Russia and the Ukraine were tested for mildew response to a collection of 11 different isolates of Erysiphe graminis DC f. sp. tritici Marchal. Nineteen cultivars have shown a susceptible reaction and eighteen were characterized by susceptible or intermediate responses. Fourteen cultivars revealed isolate-specific response patterns that could be attributed to major known resistance genes or gene combinations. Twelve cultivars have one documented gene: Pm5 in eight cultivars, Pm2 in two cultivars and Pm8 also in two cultivars. One cultivar has two genes (Pm2 + Pm6), while another cultivar carries a combination of three genes (Pm1 + Pm2 + Pm6). Fifteen cultivars were characterized by response patterns not documented so far or by a known resistance response combined with an undocumented resistance. Apparently three cultivars with the T1BL.1RS wheat-rye translocation have a gene suppressing the Pm8 mildew resistance. One cultivar was resistant to all the used isolates. Its resistance might be conditioned by an unknown major gene or combination of genes.
11

Cloning a DNA marker associated to wheat scab resistance

80%
Yu G., Ma H., Xu Z., Ren L., Zhou M., Lu W.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2004
|
vol. 45
|
issue 1
17-25
EN
Wheat head blight caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum, is an important wheat disease, causing yield and quality losses. The breeding of resistant varieties is the key measure to control this disease, but the conventional breeding method is of low efficiency. The marker-assisted selection (MAS) can significantly improve the breeding efficiency. In this study, four RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) markers linked to FHB resistance were obtained and one was cloned and sequenced. F7 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were derived from the F1 of the cross Ning894037 (resistant)/Alondra (susceptible) by the single-seed descent method. Scab resistance of F7 RILs was evaluated in the greenhouse by injecting conidiospores into a central floret. Scab symptoms were evaluated on the 21st day after inoculation. Disease severity was assessed as the percentage of infected spikelets/spike. The F7 RIL population displayed a normal distribution, transgressive segregation and significant variation for FHB severity. DNA from resistant and susceptible parents was analyzed with 520 RAPD primers. Four markers (S1384-640,S1360-600, S1319-350,S1319-820) linked to FHB resistance were obtained. DNA of S1384-640 was recovered, subjected to re-amplification by using S1384 primer and the same protocol as for RAPD analysis and identified the rightness. The PCR product of S1384-640 was ligated into the pUCm-T vector, and cloned into fresh competent cells of Escherichia coli strain DH5 RAPD anlysis showed that the inserts of the recombinant plasmids were DNA of S1384-640. The sequencing result showed that the cloned fragment was 648 bp.
12

Multiplex PCR identification of wheat HMW glutenin subunit genes by allele-specific markers

80%
Moczulski M., Salmanowicz B. P.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2003
|
vol. 44
|
issue 4
459-471
EN
Wheat bread-making quality is closely correlated with composition and quantity of gluten proteins, in particular with high-molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits encoded by the Glu-1 genes. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was developed to identify the allele composition of HMW glutenin complex Glu-1 loci (Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1) in common wheat genotypes. The study of multiplex PCR to obtain a well-balanced set of amplicons involved examination of various combinations of selected primer sets and/or thermal cycling conditions. One to three simultaneously amplified DNA fragments of HMW glutenin Glu-1 genes were separated by agarose slab-gel electrophoresis and differences between Ax1, Ax2* and Axnull genes of Glu-A1 loci, Bx6, Bx7 and Bx17 of Glu-B1, and Dx2, Dx5 and Dy10 genes of Glu-D1 loci were revealed. A complete agreement was found in identification of HMW glutenin subunits by both multiplex PCR analysis and SDS-PAGE for seventy-six Polish cultivars/strains of both spring and winter common wheat. Rapid identification of molecular markers of Glu-1 alleles by multiplex PCR can be an efficient alternative to the standard separation procedure for early selection of useful wheat genotypes with good bread-making quality.
13

Application of STS markers for leaf rust resistance genes in near-isogenic lines of spring wheat cv. Thatcher

80%
Chelkowski J., Golka L., Stepien L.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2003
|
vol. 44
|
issue 3
323-338
EN
Sequence tagged site (STS) markers for eight resistance genes against Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici were used to screen a set of near-isogenic lines of wheat cv. Thatcher containing in total 40 different Lr genes and their alleles. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was carried out by using STS, SCAR and CAPS primers specific for the leaf rust resistance genes Lr1, Lr9, Lr10, Lr19, Lr24, Lr28, Lr37 and Lr47. The STS, CAPS and SCAR markers linked to resistance genes Lr9, Lr10, Lr19, Lr24, Lr37 and Lr47 were found to be reliable in diverse genetic backgrounds. The amplification product of the Lr1 gene marker was detected in the susceptible cv. Thatcher and in all of the near-isogenic lines examined except Lr2a, Lr2b, Lr2c and Lr19. The sequence analysis of PCR products amplified in lines Lr1, Lr10, Lr28 and in cv. Thatcher indicated that the near-isogenic lines and cv. Thatcher contained in the targeted chromosome region an allele that differed from the original alleles corresponding to Lr1/6*Thatcher (TLR621) and susceptible Thatcher (TH621). The amplification product specific to the STS marker of the Lr1 gene was amplified in almost all Thatcher near-isogenic lines and in cv. Thatcher because their alleles possessed primer sequences identical to the original allele TLR621. The marker for the Lr28 resistance gene was identified in line Lr28, carrying gene Lr28, and in 21 other near-isogenic lines. The sequencing of PCR products specific to Lr28 and generated in lines Lr1, Lr10 and Lr28 indicated that the lines Lr1, Lr10 and Lr28 are heterozygous in this region.
14

PstIAFLP based markers for leaf rust resistance genes in common wheat

80%
Blaszczyk L., Tyrka M., Chelkowski J.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2005
|
vol. 46
|
issue 4
357-364
EN
The aim of the present study was to detect candidate DNA markers for selected leaf rust resistance genes. A total number of 286 loci in the ?Thatcher' near-isogenic lines carrying resistance gene Lr1, Lr9, Lr10, Lr13, Lr19, Lr21, Lr24, Lr26, Lr28, Lr35, and Lr37 were screened for DNA polymorphism by the PstIAFLP method. A survey with 33 selective primers yielded 16 candidate markers. Further validation studies on cultivars characterized for the presence and absence of selected resistance genes confirmed specificity of markers for Lr24, Lr26 and Lr37. The AFLP-based marker P42-530 was successfully converted into an STS marker. The new marker was linked with the Lr37-specific marker (CslVrga13) at the distance of 1.7 cM. The PstIAFLP method was found to be effective in the identification of DNA changes induced in hexaploid wheat by translocations from Agropyron elongatum, Secale cereale and Aegilops ventricosa.
15

Growth kinetics of suspension culture of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) influenced by sucrose concentration in the medium

80%
Marcinska I., Filek M., Biesaga-Koscielniak J., Pilipowicz M.
|
EN
The suspension culture was initiated from callus derived from immature inflorescences of winter wheat var Almari. The aim of our investigation was evaluation of the influence of twice increased sucrose concentration in the medium on the physicochemical properties and cell morphology during 15 days of suspension culture. The number of cells, volume, weight, shape and viability were monitored in a few day intervals. Moreover, pH, conductivity and osmolality of medium were measured. The suspensions that were maintained in media containing 30 and 60 g of sucrose per dm3 were characterised by a similar cell viability and growth kinetics tendency. However, from the 4th day of culture, increased concentration of sucrose inhibited the cell proliferation rate. This effect was associated with decreased volume and dry weight of cells, which indicates that sucrose influences the production of cell biomass. The morphological character of cells was independent of the sucrose concentration, the cell area and circularity changed similarly for both media. The area was increased and circularity decreased. Increased concentration of sucrose resulted in lowered pH of the medium during the whole culture period. There was no statistically significant influence of sucrose on the conductivity and osmolality changes in media. The results suggest that higher level of sucrose in the medium can be disadvantageous for growth kinetics of wheat suspension. It was not connected with medium osmotic potential changes or cell-medium ion exchange possibilities.
16

Analysis of the wheat endosperm transcriptome

80%
Laudencia-Chingcuanco D. L., Stamova B. S., Lazo G. R., Cui X., Anderson O. D.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2006
|
vol. 47
|
issue 4
287-302
EN
Among the cereals, wheat is the most widely grown geographically and is part of the staple diet in much of the world. Understanding how the cereal endosperm develops and functions will help generate better tools to manipulate grain qualities important to end-users. We used a genomics approach to identify and characterize genes that are expressed in the wheat endosperm. We analyzed the 17 949 publicly available wheat endosperm EST sequences to identify genes involved in the biological processes that occur within this tissue. Clustering and assembly of the ESTs resulted in the identification of 6 187 tentative unique genes, 2 358 of which formed contigs and 3 829 remained as singletons. A BLAST similarity search against the NCBI non-redundant sequence database revealed abundant messages for storage proteins, putative defense proteins, and proteins involved in starch and sucrose metabolism. The level of abundance of the putatively identified genes reflects the physiology of the developing endosperm. Half of the identified genes have unknown functions. Approximately 61% of the endosperm ESTs has been tentatively mapped in the hexaploid wheat genome. Using microarrays for global RNA profiling, we identified endosperm genes that are specifically up regulated in the developing grain.
17

Wheat tissue culture - a reviev

71%
Menke-Mielczarek I.
Biotechnologia
|
1997
|
issue 2
29-45
EN
Based on the available literature, this article describes the advances made in cell culture of wheat. The importance of the age and physiological stage of the explant is discussed. The influence of the genotype is observed. The role of the components of the induction medium and in particular the role of auxin and kinetin, is investigated. The development of off-white callus and long-term culture of this callus facilitates the establishment of suspension culture - a source of totipotent protoplasts. This paper also focuses on the techniques which are used to introduce genes into wheat plants and on the somaclonal variation that occurs in a population of plants regenerated after tissue culture.
18

A comparison of anther culture and maize pollination for haploid production in wheat

71%
Fedak G., Burvill M., Voldeng H. D.
|
|
vol. 38
|
issue 4
407-414
EN
The use of 2,4-D as a post pollination treatment to fertilize florets instead of GA3 provided a two-fold improvement in seed set, culturable embryos and hence green plant production from wheat and maize pollination. The efficiency of the wheat by maize pollination method for haploid production was equal to the anther culture method in F1 hybrid combinations that were responsive to anther culture. However, in recalcitrant combinations obtained from non-responsive genotypes the maize pollination method was far superior.
19

Microsatellite DNA polymorphism divergence in Chinese wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) landraces highly resistant to Fusarium head blight

71%
Wei Y.-M., Hou Y.-C., Yan Z.-H., Wu W., Zhang Z.-Q., Liu D.-C., Zheng Y.-L.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2005
|
vol. 46
|
issue 1
3-9
EN
Genetic differences between 20 Chinese wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) landraces highly resistant to Fusarium head blight (FHB) and 4 wheat lines highly susceptible to FHB were evaluated by means of microsatellite markers, in order to select suitable parents for gene mapping studies. Thirty-nine out of 40 microsatellite markers (97.5%) were polymorphic among the 24 wheat genotypes. A total of 276 alleles were detected at the 40 microsatellite loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 1 to 16, with an average of 6.9 alleles. Among these microsatellite loci, the largest polymorphism information content (PIC) value was 0.914 (GWM484), while the lowest PIC value was 0 (GWM24). The mean genetic similarity index among the 24 genotypes was 0.419, ranging from 0.103 to 0.673. Clustering analysis indicated that the highly susceptible synthetic wheat line RSP was less genetically related to and more divergent from the Chinese highly resistant landraces. These results were useful in the identification of suitable parents for the development of mapping populations for tagging the FHB resistance genes among these Chinese wheat landraces.
20

Transgene expression and gene silencing in cereals

71%
Nadolska-Orczyk A.
Biotechnologia
|
2006
|
issue 4
168-180
EN
Genetic transformation of cereal crops is a powerful research tool for analysis of gene function and varietal improvement. Application of the method is possible when the expression of introduced transgene is on the desired level and stable over several generations. The production of transgenic cereals was mainly performed by microprojectile bombardment. However, some advance was also achieved by application of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. For rice, which is the cereal model species, this method is routinely used, while for many others, especially polyploids, it has been developed very recently and only in a few laboratories. We still lack the knowledge whether the main features of Agro-mediated transformation (i.e. integration of one or few copies usually not rearranged and well defined transgene cassette) influence the transgene expression in polyploid cereal species. This review discusses known mechanisms possibly involved in transgene silencing, using both transformation methods. Part of the discussion is focused on transgene expression / silencing in relation to large genomes of polyploid cereals. Another application of genetic transformation, based on RNAi technology (RNA interference), is silencing of selected genes. This could be used to study gene function as well as to induce silencing of the native, single or family genes of cereals. Two strategies of silencing are discussed: a strategy of transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) and posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS).
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