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1
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CASE STUDY: THE EXERCISE PROFILE OF A POLISH REPRESENTATIVE IN MOUNTAIN RUNNING

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Borysiuk Z., Piechota K.
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2014
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vol. 5
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issue 1
35-45
EN
This study is aimed at analysing the variability of oxygen parameters in subsequent annual training cycles at championship training level in mountain running. The study employed the following indirect methods: the Astrand Test, Conconi Running Test, and also a direct method (Bruce Test). Research material is a young, talented 28-year-old athletic mountain runner. Research results were obtained within 4-5 years period, which were as follows: VO2max 83-90ml/kg/min - increased on average to 2-3 ml / kg / min per year, HR max 172-177 beats / min, PPA 158-169 beats / min. The case study was carried out within the framework of longitudinal research and was used to collect data for the formulation of a specific exercise profile in a new, dynamic sports discipline. The research aims to serve as an example of a novel method of conducting training microcycles to the cyclic lifting aerobic capacity athletes.
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The functional efficiency of mouthguards in martial sports

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Rexhepi A. M., Brestovci B.
Human Movement
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2013
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vol. 14
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issue 4
353-359
EN
Purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of three different mouthguards on the airflow dynamics of oral breathing under increased ventilatory conditions at peak workload. Methods. Twenty volunteer male martial art athletes were subjected to cardio-respiratory examination on a treadmill. Four trials were performed, without a mouthguard and with a maxillary boil-and-bite mouthguard, bi-maxillary boil-and-bite mouthguard, and PlaySafe custom-made maxillary mouthguard. For each of the four tests, subjects performed an identical incremental test to determine VO2max and other respiratory values. Results. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive analyses and paired-samples t tests. The results indicated similarity in almost all measured variables when testing with the custom-made PlaySafe maxillary mouthguard to values recorded without a mouthguard, while tests performed with the maxillary and bi-maxillary boil-and-bite mouthguards showed greater differences. Conclusions. The custom-made PlaySafe maxillary and maxillary boil-and-bite mouthguards do not significantly reduce airflow dynamics of oral breathing when compared with the bi-maxillary boil-and-bite, instead, these two types of mouthguards were found to positively affect aerobic capacity.
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Reference Values of Maximal Oxygen Uptake for Polish Rowers

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Klusiewicz A., Starczewski M., Ładyga M., Długołęcka B., Braksator W., Mamcarz A., Sitkowski D.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2014
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vol. 44
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issue 1
121-127
EN
The aim of this study was to characterize changes in maximal oxygen uptake over several years and to elaborate current reference values of this index based on determinations carried out in large and representative groups of top Polish rowers. For this study 81 female and 159 male rowers from the sub-junior to senior categories were recruited from the Polish National Team and its direct backup. All the subjects performed an incremental exercise test on a rowing ergometer. During the test maximal oxygen uptake was measured with the BxB method. The calculated reference values for elite Polish junior and U23 rowers allowed to evaluate the athletes’ fitness level against the respective reference group and may aid the coach in controlling the training process. Mean values of VO2max achieved by members of the top Polish rowing crews who over the last five years competed in the Olympic Games or World Championships were also presented. The results of the research on the “trainability” of the maximal oxygen uptake may lead to a conclusion that the growth rate of the index is larger in case of high-level athletes and that the index (in absolute values) increases significantly between the age of 19-22 years (U23 category).
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Aerobic capacity and sprint velocity of Leagues I and IV football players

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Michalczyk M., Kłapcińska B., Poprzęcki S., Jagsz S., Sadowska-Krępa E., Kimsa E., Kempa K., Chmura J.
Biomedical Human Kinetics
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2010
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vol. 2
9-14
EN
Study aim: To assess the aerobic capacity, sprint velocity and changes in biochemical variables in football players preparing for the spring round of matches.Material and methods: Football players from League I (n = 19) and League IV (n = 15) were subjected twice to a graded running tests at the beginning and at the end of the pre-season preparation period. The following variables were recorded: maximum running velocity (km/h), O2max (ml/kg/min), pulmonary ventilation (VE), load at the lactate threshold (LT) expressed as the threshold velocity (LTV; km/h) or %O2max, activities of enzymes in plasma - creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), concentrations of lactate (La), ammonia (NH3) and of glucose (Gl) in plasma. At the end of the study the players were also subjected to a 30-m sprint test.Results: In League I players, LT significantly (p<0.05) increased from 11.9 ± 0.8 (at the beginning) to 12.6 ± 0.7 km/h (at the end of the pre-season preparation period) and the maximum load - from 17.4 ± 0.9 to 18.3 ± 1.0 km/h, respectively. Also, the concentrations of NH3 and Gl significantly (p<0.05) increased and enzyme activities tended to increase (p<0.10) following the graded running test. Moreover, they attained significantly (p<0.05) higher velocity at the first 5 m of the 30-m sprint test than their League IV mates.Conclusions: The negligible differences between football players from Leagues I and IV in their aerobic capacity and speed abilities, and the marked distance from world elite players in those indices, call for substantial changes in training strategies and schedules.
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The relationship between field test results measuring physical fitness levels in olympic boxing competitors and their athletic performance

89%
Kowalik N.
Polish Journal of Sports Medicine
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2021
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vol. 37(4)
217-222
PL
Wstęp. W pracy poszukiwano fizycznych wyróżników jakimi charakteryzowali się najbardziej utytułowani zawodnicy polskiej kadry narodowej seniorów. Materiał i metody. 13 zawodników kadry narodowej seniorów w średnim wieku i masie ciała. Wykonano test FMS, CMJ, rzut piłką lekarską 3 kg, bieg wahadłowy 1200 m. Wyniki. Analiza statystyczna badanych zmiennych biomechanicznych oraz wyników podczas Mistrzostw Polski Seniorów oraz roczną listą rankingową nie wykazała istotnej zależności. Wnioski. Brak jednoznacznego fizycznego wskaźnika może świadczyć, iż determinantów sukcesu sportowego należy szukać także w innych cechach zawodnika. Z drugiej strony niewielka liczebność próbki odpowiada za brak istotności statystycznej. Odpowiedni poziom zdolności fizycznych może pozwolić na efektywne wykorzystanie szerokiego potencjału sportowca, ale nie jest jedynym i decydującym czynnikiem wpływającym na sukces w boksie.
EN
Background. The aim of the study was to find physical discriminants in Polish senior league elite boxers Material and methods. 13 competitors from the senior national team of average age and body mass participated in the study. The applied methods of assessment included FMS and CMJ tests, 3kg medicine ball throw and 1200m shuttle run. Results. Statistical analysis of the studied biomechanical variables compared with the results of the Polish Senior Championships and the yearly rank list did not reveal any significant correlation. Conclusions. The lack of a clear physical indicator may indicate that the determinants of success in sports depend on other competitors’ traits. On the other hand, the small sample size may be the reason of the lack of statistical significance. An adequate level of physical capacities may allow effective use of the athlete’s vast potential, however, it is not the only decisive factor affecting success in boxing.
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The Influence of Sodium Phosphate Supplementation on VO2max, Serum 2,3-diphosphoglycerate Level and Heart Rate in Off-road Cyclists

88%
Czuba M., Zając A., Poprzecki S., Cholewa J.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2008
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vol. 19
149-164
EN
The main objective of the work was to evaluate the influence of a six day supplementation with sodium phosphate on circulatory and pulmonary variables, the level of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and the concentration of inorganic phosphates in blood serum of elite off-road cyclists. The research material included 19 cyclists which were randomly divided into a experimental group, supplemented with sodium phosphate and a control group receiving a placebo The subjects in the experimental group ingested sodium diphosphate in a dose of 50mg/kg of fat free mass per day. The supplement was ingested in even doses, four times per day. The control group received 4g of glucose in gelatin capsules (500mg), which were also divided into 4 even portions. During the experiment a significant (p<0.05) increase in maximal oxygen uptake was observed (VO2max), maximal minute ventilation (VEmax), as well as oxygen pulse (O2/HR). Also a significant decrease in resting and maximal exercise heart rate occurred. This was also true for each exercise load. A significant (p<0.05) increase in the serum concentration of non-organic phosphates (P) was observed which was accompanied by a decrease in serum calcium (Ca) concentration. The changes in the resting and post exercise concentration of 2,3-DPG were non significant, yet the supplementation procedure showed a tendency for increased level of this variable.
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Measurement of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Children from Two Commonly Used Field Tests After Accounting for Body Fatness and Maturity

88%
Hamlin M. J., Fraser M., Lizamore C. A., Draper N., Shearman J. P., Kimber N. E.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2014
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vol. 40
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issue 1
83-92
EN
Body fat and maturation both influence cardiorespiratory fitness, however few studies have taken these variables into account when using field tests to predict children’s fitness levels. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between two field tests of cardiorespiratory fitness (20 m Maximal Multistage Shuttle Run [20-MST], 550 m distance run [550-m]) and direct measurement of VO2max after adjustment for body fatness and maturity levels. Fifty-three participants (25 boys, 28 girls, age 10.6 ± 1.2 y, mean ± SD) had their body fat levels estimated using bioelectrical impedance (16.6% ± 6.0% and 20.0% ± 5.8% for boys and girls, respectively). Participants performed in random order, the 20-MST and 550-m run followed by a progressive treadmill test to exhaustion during which gas exchange measures were taken. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis revealed that the participants’ performance in the 20-MST and 550-m run were highly correlated to VO2max obtained during the treadmill test to exhaustion (r = 0.70 and 0.59 for 20-MST and 550-m run, respectively). Adjusting for body fatness and maturity levels in a multivariate regression analysis increased the associations between the field tests and VO2max (r = 0.73 for 20-MST and 0.65 for 550-m). We may conclude that both the 20-MST and the 550-m distance run are valid field tests of cardiorespiratory fitness in New Zealand 8-13 year old children and incorporating body fatness and maturity levels explains an additional 5-7% of the variance.
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The Relationship Between the Yo-Yo Tests, Anaerobic Performance and Aerobic Performance in Young Soccer Players

88%
Karakoç B., Akalan C., Alemdaroğlu U., Arslan E.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2012
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vol. 35
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issue 1
81-88
EN
The purposes of this study were to determine the relationship between performance in the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YIRT1), the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 2 (YIRT2) and the Yo-Yo endurance test (continuous) (YET) with maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and Wingate anaerobic performance (WaNT) test results in young soccer players (age 15.00 ± 0.0 years, body height 176.3 ± 4.2 cm and body mass 68.1 ± 3.6 kg). An ergospirometry device was used during the treadmill test (TRT) to determine VO2max. At the end of the study, significant differences were found between the Yo-Yo tests and TRT in terms of HRmax (TRT = 195,92, YIRT1 = 197,83, YIRT2 = 198,5 YET = 198) (p > 0.05). While there were moderate correlations between VO2max and YIRT 1-2 performances (respectively, r = 0.56, r = 0.53), there was only a weak relationship between VO2max and YET performance (r = 0.43) (distance covered). There were also moderate significant negative correlations between performance in the YIRT2 and peak power measured in the WaNT (r = -0.55), although there were no significant correlations between performance in the three tests and average power. A moderate negative correlation was found between performance in the YIRT2 and Fatigue index (FI) (r = -0,66). In conclusion, the YIRT2 may be a more suitable field test for determining both aerobic and anaerobic performance in soccer players.
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The Effects of Sprint Interval vs. Continuous Endurance Training on Physiological and Metabolic Adaptations in Young Healthy Adults

75%
Nalcakan G. R.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2014
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vol. 44
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issue 1
97-109
EN
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of sprint interval training (SIT) and continuous endurance training (CET) on selected anthropometric, aerobic, and anaerobic performance indices as well as the blood lipid profile, inflammatory and muscle damage markers in healthy young males. Fifteen recreationally active male volunteers (age: 21.7 ±2.2 years, body mass: 83.0 ±8.0 kg, body height: 1.82 ±0.05 m) were divided into two groups according to their initial VO2max levels. Training programs were conducted 3 times per week for 7 weeks. The SIT program consisted of 4-6 Wingate anaerobic sprints with a 4.5 min recovery, while CET consisted of 30-50 min cycling at 60% VO2max. Biochemical, anthropometric and fitness assessments were performed both pre and post-intervention. Significant improvements in VO2max, anaerobic power and capacity, and VO2 utilization during the submaximal workout and significant decreases in body fat and in waist circumference after the intervention occurred in both SIT and CET groups. Significantly greater gross efficiency was measured in the CET group. No differences in the lipid profile or serum levels of inflammatory, myocardial and skeletal muscle damage markers were observed after the training period. The study results agree with the effectiveness of a 30 s all-out training program with a reduced time commitment for anthropometric, aerobic and anaerobic adaptation and eliminate doubts about its safety as a model.
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Effect of Training on Morphological, Physiological and Biochemical Variables of U-19 Soccer Players

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Manna I., Khanna G., Dhara P.
Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity
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2011
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vol. 3
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issue 4
237-247
EN
Background: The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of training on selected morphological, physiological and biochemical variables in soccer players under 19 years of age.Material/Methods: A total of 30 Indian male soccer players under 19 years of age (age: 16.00-18.99 yr) volunteered for this study. The training sessions were divided into 2 phases (i) Preparatory Phase (PP, 8 weeks) and (ii) Competitive Phase (CP, 4 weeks). The training programme consisted of aerobic, anaerobic and skill development, and was completed 4 hrs/day; 5 days/week. Selected morphological, physiological and biochemical variables were measured at zero level (baseline data, BD) and at the end of PP and CP.Results: A significant increase (P<0.05) in lean body mass, VO2max, anaerobic power, grip and back strength, urea and uric acid levels; and a decrease (P<0.05) in percentage of body fat, haemoglobin, total cholesterol, and LDL-C levels have been noted in PP and CP when compared to BD. However, no significant change was noted in stature, body mass, maximal heart rate, triglyceride and HDL-C levels of the players after the training.Conclusions: This study would provide useful information for training and selection of soccer players of under-19-year-old groups.
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