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1

p53 - tumor suppressor gene

100%
Schlichtholz B.
Biotechnologia
|
1995
|
issue 3
91-103
EN
The structure of p53 tumor suppressor gene and molecular mechanisms of p53 function are characterized.The effects of the p53 protein on gene transcription, control of the cell cycle, DNA repair and synthesis, cell differentiation, and progrsmmed cell death are discussed.Besides clinical implication of inactivation of the p53 gene in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy of human cancer are mentioned.
2
Content available remote

A putative role of the Amyloid Precursor Protein Intracellular Domain (AICD) in transcription

100%
Slomnicki L. P., Lesniak W.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
|
2008
|
vol. 68
|
issue 2
219-228
EN
Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) Intracellular Domain (AICD) is the product of APP processing realized by alpha- or beta-secretases and gamma-secretase. It was shown that AICD is able to interact with several proteins which regulate its stability and cellular localization. The Fe65 adaptor protein translocates AICD into nucleus where the APP-Fe65-Tip60 ternary complex may activate transcription of target genes. In the light of recent studies AICD seems to be another product of APP proteolysis endowed with important biological functions that may contribute to Alzheimer's disease pathology.
3

Transgene expression in plant cell

100%
Niemirowicz-Szczytt K., Bartoszewski G.
Biotechnologia
|
2000
|
issue 4
11-23
EN
Transgene incorporation in plant genome does not mean that the gene will be active and will show expression at the required level. It is often the case that transgenic plants do not exhibit the activity of the gene introduced. Gene expression is known to be dependent on many factors such as: chimeric gene structure, proper and stable integration to the genome and proper transcription and translation. The knowledge of transgene regulation is essential for the understanding of the transcription and translation mechanisms. Each plazmid component is vital for later transgene expression. This refers to the size of T-DNA introduced, location of particular elements, leader sequences length, AUG sequences, introns presence, optimum coding gene synthesis, removal of RNA instability signals and many other possible modifications.
4

Molecular biology of the genus Pestivirus

100%
Stadejek T., Pejsak Z.
Biotechnologia
|
1993
|
issue 2
63-68
EN
Molecular characteristics of the genome of the genus Pestivirus are presented. Differences in the genome organization between various viruses are described. The mechanism of the regulation of the RNAtranscription and the translation processes are shown. The function of the structural and unstructural proteins produced by the viruses are also discussed in this review.
5
Content available remote

Chromatin structure and transcriptional activity of MAG gene

100%
Konat G. W.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
|
1996
|
vol. 56
|
issue 1
281-285
EN
Myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG) is an essential component of the periaxonal architecture of the myelin sheath. Because of its potent neurite growth repressive activity, MAG is also likely to play an important role in axonal guidance during the CNS development, and to be responsible for abortive neuronal regeneration in adult CNS. The MAG gene chromatin from approximately -1.6 to +0.6 kb features MNase hypersensitivity that maydelineate the gene control region. The proximal upstream region of the gene is organized into an array of five nucleosomes with hypersensitive linkers. The core promoter is located within the first upstream linker that becomes highly hypersensitive in the course of oligodendrocyte differentiation. The adjacent upstream region contains positive and negative enhancers that are likely to streamline oligodendrocyte specific expession of the gene. The TATA-less core promoter contains novel, as yet uncharacterized initiator elements that direct the assembly of transcriptional complexes. The promoter appears to be controlled by both, the addition of activating trans-factors as progenitor cells differentiate into mature oligodendrocyte. The developmental activation of the gene is also concomitant with profound DNA demethylation that may provide auxiliary regulatory mechanisms. Hence, the upregulation of the MAG gene is differentiating oligodendrocytes entails chromantic remodeling as well as changes in the assortment of nuclear trans-factors.
6

Promoters of higher plant mitochondrial genes

100%
Augustyniak H., Lesniewicz K., Rurek M.
Biotechnologia
|
2002
|
issue 3
61-73
EN
Mitochondrial genetic system, comprising genome, transcription and translation processes play essential role in the function of mitochondria and thus for the survival of plants. The pathway from the genetic information encoded in the DNA to the functional protein leads through a very diverse RNA world. In this article, the current results obtained in the examination of plant mitochondrial transcription are described. Recent developments in the characterisation of promoter structure are presented.
7

Complexity of class II genes ? the regulation of transcription

100%
Dullin P., Galbas M., Glanc P., Walerych W.
Biotechnologia
|
2002
|
issue 3
107-123
EN
The control of eucaryotic class II genes transcription is unusually complicated because it is the first stage of their expression in the cell. The assortment of specific gene coding sequence as a process of selection of submission for expression genes particularly essential is. In this process, beside RNA polymerase II, the basic transcription initiation factors that form different initiation complexes with enzyme and DNA take part, as well as other protein factors, often tissue specific that interact with fragment of DNA located in the distant place of the start of transcription. The formation of transcription complex, its components and possible interaction are discussed. The control of this process are discussed on the example of contribution of protein kinases and phosphatases modifying individual proteins, influencing the change of their mutual interactions and, in consequence, differentiating transcription level of specific genes.
8

Localization of the calreticulin gene mRNA in unpollinated and pollinated styles of Petunia hybrida

88%
Lenartowska M., Lenartowski R., Bednarska E.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2001
|
vol. 42
|
issue 1
15-20
EN
The objective of our research on Petunia hybrida is to understand the role of calreticulin in the growth of pollen tubes in the pistil. The aim of this study was the first step: finding out whether CRT gene expression takes place in unpollinated and pollinated styles. It was revealed by in situ hybridization that the transcription of the calreticulin gene takes place in the transmitting cells of unpollinated and pollinated styles and in pollen tubes growing in vivo. The mRNA transcripts of the CRT gene were localized mainly on the surface of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes, both in transmitting cells and in the tip cytoplasm of pollen tubes. The results of this study show that calreticulin can be involved in pollen ? pistil interaction in vivo.
9

Is tRNA only a translation factor or also a regulator of other processes?

88%
Wegrzyn G., Wegrzyn A.
Journal of Applied Genetics
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2008
|
vol. 49
|
issue 1
115-122
EN
Abstract. tRNA has been discovered as a factor playing a central role in the translation of genetic information (encoded in DNA and transcribed to mRNA) into amino acid sequences of proteins. However, subsequent studies led to the hypothesis that during evolution, tRNA originated in replication, not translation. Indeed, there are many examples of tRNA-like molecules playing roles in reactions other than translation, including replication of various replicons. In this review, we have focused on functions of tRNA molecules (not tRNA-like structures) outside of their direct roles in translation as factors for a passive transportation of amino acids into a ribosome and deciphering triplets of nucleotides in codons of mRNA. Interestingly, it appears that such tRNA-dependent reactions are effective only when tRNA is uncharged. The most spectacular examples come from bacterial cells and include induction of the stringent control, regulation of transcription of some operons, and control of replication of ColE1-type plasmids. Recent studies indicated that tRNA (not only pre-tRNA, shown previously to be capable of self-excision of intron sequences) can be responsible for specific cleavage of another transcript, a ColE1 plasmid-encoded RNA I, which is involved in the regulation of plasmid DNA replication initiation. If this reaction is not restricted to RNA I but represents a more general phenomenon, one might suspect a potential role for uncharged tRNA molecules in regulation of various processes, whose efficiency depends on tRNA-cleavable RNAs. This kind of regulation would provide a possibility for a cell to respond to different nutrition conditions resulting in different levels of tRNA aminoacylation.
10

Nucleis acids amplification methods used in microbiological diagnosis

75%
Jenek J., Bryl M.
Biotechnologia
|
1996
|
issue 3
69-86
EN
The highly sensitive in vivo methods for the detection of specific nucleic acid sequences are presented.These methods include target amplification, probe molucule amplification, cycling probe reaction and signal amplification methods.
11

CD8+ T cell suppressor factors and the control of infection, replication and transcription of human imunodeficiency virus

75%
Copeland K. F. T.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2001
|
vol. 49
|
issue 1
13-18
EN
CD8+ T cells have been shown to produce factors which modulate HIV-1 replication in both T cells and monocytic cells. Examination of the literature reveals that this modulation may occur by the production of -chemokines which block viral entry. However, another CD8+ T cell-derived activity targets the replication of HIV-1 at the level of transcription. CD8+ T cell factors strongly suppress replication and transcription in T cells and T cell lines, and in contrast, the factors enhance both replication and transcription in cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. The enhancement of transcription and replication by CD8+ T cell factors is induced by increased production of TNF by the macrophages. The enhancement is sensitive to pertussis toxin, indicating a G protein-coupled pathway. Thus, CD8+ T cells produce factors which mediate effects on transcription and replication of HIV-1 in a cell type-dependent manner. In this review a summary of the effects of chemokines and CD8-derived factors on HIV-1 transcription and replication is presented. The virus-host cell interactions that participate in the persistent replication of HIV in macrophages and the suppression of these functions in T cells require definition.The identification of CD8+ T cell factors which exert these controls on HIV-1 may lead to promising new therapies for HIV infection.
12

Comparison of skeletal muscle transcriptional profiles in dairy and beef breeds bulls

75%
Sadkowski T., Jank M., Zwierzchowski L., Oprzadek J., Motyl T.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2009
|
vol. 50
|
issue 2
109-123
EN
A cDNA microarray (18 263 probes) was used for transcriptome analysis of bovine skeletal muscle (m. semitendinosus) in 12-month-old bulls of the beef breed Limousin (LIM) and the typical dairy breed Holstein-Friesian (HF, used as a reference). We aimed to identify the genes whose expression may reflect the muscle phenotype of beef bulls. A comparison of muscle transcriptional profiles revealed significant differences in expression of 393 genes between HF and LIM. We classified biological functions of 117 genes with over 2-fold differences in expression between the examined breeds. Among them, 72 genes were up-regulated and 45 genes were down-regulated in LIM vs. HF. The genes were involved in protein metabolism and modifications (22 genes), signal transduction (15), nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism (13), cell cycle (9), cell structure and motility (9), developmental processes (9), intracellular protein traffic (7), cell proliferation and differentiation (6), cell adhesion (6), lipid, fatty acid and steroid metabolism (5), transport (5), and other processes. For the purpose of microarray data validation, we randomly selected 4 genes: trip12, mrps30, pycrl, and c-erbb3. Real-time RT-PCR results showed similar trends in gene expression changes as those observed in microarray studies. Basing on results of the present study, we proposed a model of the regulation of skeletal muscle growth and differentiation, with a principal role of the somatotropic pathway. It may explain at least in part the development of muscle phenotype in LIM bulls. We assume that the growth hormone directly or indirectly (through IGF-1) activates the calcium-signaling pathway with calcineurin, which stimulates myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) and inhibits early growth response gene. The inhibition results in indirect activation of MRFs and impaired activation of TGF-beta1 and myostatin, which finally facilitates terminal muscle differentiation.
13

Regulation of T cell homeostasis by JAKs and STATs

75%
Ross J. A., Nagy Z. S., Cheng H., Stepkowski S. M., Kirken R. A.
|
2007
|
vol. 55
|
issue 4
231-245
EN
Regulation of T cell homeostasis is critical for maintaining normal immune function. An imbalance in T cell proliferation can result in disorders ranging from cancer and autoimmunity to immunodeficiencies. Full activation of T cells requires three sequential signals, where signal 3, which is delivered by multiple cytokines, regulates proliferation, differentiation, and survival/death. Signaling from cytokines through their receptors is primarily delivered by two molecular families, namely Janus tyrosine kinases (JAKs) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). Invaluable knowledge about JAKs and STATs has arisen from studies of mice made genetically deficient in these molecules, analyses of tumor models, and studies of expression patterns by proteomics/genomics, which all have begun to define the role of JAKs and STATs in survival versus apoptosis. These findings also have suggested ways in which JAKs and STATs may be manipulated for therapeutic intervention in lymphoid-derived diseases. This review seeks to focus on the role of JAK tyrosine kinases and STAT transcription factors in mediating the lymphocyte life cycle and how they might be manipulated for therapeutic applications.
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