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1

Development of the tongue and taste disks in Pelobates fuscus

100%
Zuwala K.
Folia Biologica
|
2002
|
vol. 50
|
issue 3-4
165-172
EN
In the tadpole of Pelobates fuscus the process of tongue formation starts at the 32nd developmental stage. In more advanced stages (older than 38th) fast anterior and faucial growth of the tongue fold has been observed. This process is accompanied by the development of the gustatory organs. The dorsal surface of the tongue fold, smooth at the beginning, in older tadpoles (developmental stages 36-39th) forms protrusions in which gustatory organs of the taste disk type (TDs) develop. In the 41st tadpole developmental stage anlages of TDs are formed by elongated cells, located more or less perpendicularly to the surface of the tongue. The diameter of the sensory area of a TD at the 45th developmental stage amounts to 94 ?m, while in metamorphosed individuals it reaches 130-140 ?m. At the base of a TD the presence of basal cell morphologically similar to that of Merkel cell was observed at the 42nd developmental stage of a tadpole. Fully developed afferent synaptic connections in the sensory epithelium of a TDwere found starting from the 44th developmental stage. Single synaptic vesicles with an electron-dense core were observed in gustatory cells as early as at the 41st developmental stage of the tadpole. From the observations reported here it can be inferred that in Pelobates fuscus development of both the tongue and TDs is similar to that already described in the representatives of the Rana genus.
2

Calcium accumulation in synapses of the rat hippocampus after cerebral ischemia

100%
Gajkowska B., Mossakowski M. J.
Neuropatologia Polska
|
1992
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vol. 30
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issue 2
111-126
EN
The ultrastructural localization of calcium deposits in the synapses of rat hippocampus after 10 min global cerebral ischemia was evaluated. Oxalate-pyroantimonate technique was applied. After 24 hours of postischemic recirculation enhancement of intracellular (pre- and postsynaptic parts) and extracellular (synaptic clefts) calcium deposits was found in great proportion of synapses in CA1 sector. Abundant Ca-precipitates appeared specially in synaptics clefts and in the postsynaptic parts near synaptic densities. Increased calcium deposits in some changed mitochondria were also observed, The results presented in this paper suggest synaptic modulation of calcium homeostasis, disturbed after ischemic incident. Presence of Ca-precipitates in synaptic clefts and postsynaptic parts seems to be a sensitive indicator of increased calcium influx from the extracellular to the intracellular compartments.
3
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Immediate plasticity of identifiable synapses in the land snails Helix lucorum

100%
Sokolov E., Palikhova T.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
|
1999
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vol. 59
|
issue 3
161-169
EN
The data presented concern synaptic plasticity arising during neuronal response to a single sensory stimulus. The plasticity was studied in identifiable synapses between sensory and command neurones of Helix lucorum using simultaneous intracellular recording. A brief mechanosensory stimulation evoked a train of spikes in an identifiable visceral sensory neurone. Interspike intervals within the train changed from short (tens ms) to long (s). Each spike elicited an elementary EPSP in an identifiable command neurone. The amplitude of elementary EPSPs varied during a train of action potentials. Initial high frequency depression was followed by posttetanic potentiation and subsequent low frequency depression. The result of integration of the three plastic processes has been named immediate plasticity. It has been shown that a compound EPSP elicited in a postsynaptic command neurone by a single sensory stimulus depends on the immediate plastic changes of elementary EPSPs.
4
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Neurons derived from PC12 cells have the potential to develop synapses with primary neurons from rat cortex

100%
Zhou T., Xu B., Que H., Lin Q., Lv S., Liu S.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2006
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vol. 66
|
issue 2
105-112
EN
Neuron transplantation is considered to be a promising therapeutic method to replace functions lost due to central nervous system (CNS) damage. However, little is known about the extent to which implanted neuron-like cells can develop into mature neurons and acquire essential properties, and especially form synapses with host neurons. In this investigation we seeded PC12 cells labeled with GFP into primary cultured neurons isolated from rat cerebral cortex to build a co-culture system, and then induced the PC12 cells to differentiate into neuron-like cells with NGF. Seven days later, we observed the relationship between the PC12-derived neurons and primary neurons using FM1-43 imaging and immunoelectron microscopy, and found that GFP-labeled neurons could form typical synapses with host primary neurons. These observations showed that immigrant neurons differentiated from PC12 cells could develop into mature neurons and could form intercellular contacts with host neurons. Both the immigrant and host neurons could construct neuronal networks in vitro.
5
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Dendrites as separate compartment ? local protein synthesis

75%
Skup M.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
|
2008
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vol. 68
|
issue 2
305-331
EN
The article summarizes the most meaningful studies which have provided evidence that protein synthesis in neurons can occur not only in cell perikarya but also locally in dendrites. The presence of the complete machinery required to synthesize cytoplasmic and integral membrane proteins in dendrites, identification of binding proteins known to mediate mRNA trafficking in dendrites and the ability to trigger 'on-site' translation make it possible for the synthesis of particular proteins to be regulated by synaptic signals. Until now over 100 different mRNAs coding the proteins involved in neurotransmission and modulation of synaptic activity have been identified in dendrites. Local protein synthesis is postulated to provide the basic mechanism of fast changes in the strength of neuronal connections and to be an important factor in the molecular background of synaptic plasticity, giving rise to enduring changes in synaptic function, which in turn play a role in local homeostatic responses. Local protein synthesis points to some autonomy of dendrites which makes them 'the brains of the neurons' (Jim Eberwine; from the interview with J. Eberwine ? Barinaga 2000).
6
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Two components of long-term memory

75%
Wozniak P. A., Gorzelanczyk E. J., Murakowski J. A.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
|
1995
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vol. 55
|
issue 4
301-305
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