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1

Determining the plasmotypic structure of rye populations by SCAR markers

100%
Stojalowski S., Kociuba M., Stochmal B., Kondziola M., Jaciubek M.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2008
|
vol. 49
|
issue 3
229-232
EN
In rye (Secale cereale L.), 2 types of cytoplasmic male sterility are known: Pampa type (CMS-P) and Vavilovii type (CMS-V). As an alternative method to the conventional plasmotype-genotype interaction test, for identification of the cytoplasm type, the use of sequence-characterised amplified region (SCAR) markers was validated in this study. In over 2600 individual rye plants, representing 26 populations originating from Poland (18 cultivars), Iran (5 populations of primitive rye), and South America (3 populations), the cytoplasm type was determined by using a set of 3 SCAR markers. For about 10% of these individuals, the plasmotype-genotype interaction test was performed in parallel. The results of both tests were fully consistent. In the majority of the Polish populations, CMS-V was present, and only 4 populations contained CMS-P. Primitive Iranian populations contained predominantly normal cytoplasm, and only occasionally CMS-P was identified in them. South American populations displayed a mixture of normal cytoplasm, CMS-P and CMS-V. This work validates the use of SCAR markers as a reliable and quick method to determine the plasmotypic diversity of rye populations on a large scale.
2

Characteristics of somaclonal variation in rye (Secale cereale L.)

100%
Rakoczy-Trojanowska M.
Biotechnologia
|
2002
|
issue 2
175-183
EN
As it was shown in numerous works concerning various plant species tissue culture derived plants may serve as potential variability resources for breeding. This subject was also investigated in rye. However, the number of publications is relatively low. A somaclonal variation in rye was investigated on different levels as molecular one, cytological or morphological. Based on these searches, several general conclusions can be drawn: (1) the frequency of somaclonal changes in rye is high, which can be connected with the presence of genome region, especially susceptible for tissue culture conditions, (2) the range and spectrum of somaclonal changes depend on donor plant genotype, (3) the majority of somaclonal changes has an negative character, e.g. reduction of plant viability, fertility or yield quality influence negatively plant quality, (4) some somaclonal changes can be useful for rye breeding.
3

New genetic map of rye composed of PCR-based molecular markers and its alignment with the reference map of the DS2 ? RXL10 intercross

100%
Milczarski P., Banek-Tabor A., Lebiecka K., Stojalowski S., Myskow B., Masojc P.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2007
|
vol. 48
|
issue 1
11-24
EN
A new genetic map of rye, developed by using the 541 ? Ot1-3 F2 intercross, consists of 148 marker loci, including 99 RAPDs, 18 SSRs, 14 STSs, 9 SCARs and 7 ISSRs, and spans the distance of 1401.4 cM. To the 7 rye chromosomes, 8 linkage groups were assigned and compared with the reference map of the DS2 ? RXL10 F2 intercross by using 24 common markers. The 2 combined maps contain altogether 611 marker loci (70?109 per chromosome) and constitute a substantial source of information useful for further genomic studies in rye. From 21 to 37 RAPD marker loci are distributed randomly along each chromosome length and their total number for all 7 rye chromosomes is 177. This abundance of RAPD marker loci in the rye genetic map can be exploited for development of SCARs in regions containing important genes or QTL.
4

The induction of haploids of rye (Secale cereale L.) by the anther culture

100%
Broda Z., Mikolajczyk S.
Biotechnologia
|
2001
|
issue 1
148-152
EN
Haploid plants are often used for genome mapping, to induce mutations and also for the production of homozygous plants. They are also needed in heterosis breeding. Androgenesis is one of the methods of their obtainment. The study focused on the development of induction haploid plants and double haploid lines of rye. In the experiment, seven varieties of rye were used: Amilo, Dankowskie Nowe, Dankowskie Z?ote, Kier, Motto, Walet, Warko. The seedlings were vernalised at natural conditions or in the refrigerator. Plants were grown in the greenhouse. Spikes with pollen at the uninucleate stage were harvested and stored at 4 C in the dark for 48 hours. The influence of the varieties and the medium used on the androgenesis was tested. Modified N6 and potato medium were used. Anthers were cultivated in the dark for 4 weeks at 28C. Very low incidence of callus-producing plants (0,0-0,3%) and of any regenerated plants was observed.
5

The influence of added rye chromosomes on physical properties of kernels of addition lines T.aestivum Grana-S. cereale Dankowskie Zlote

100%
Miazga D., Szot B.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
1996
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vol. 37
|
issue 1
37-47
EN
The paper concerns the influence of added rye chromosomes on physical properties of fernels of the addition lines T.aestivum Grana - S.cereale Dankowskie Zlote 1R", 2R", 3RS", 4R", 5R", 6R", and 6RL", as well as initial forms:wheat cv.Grana, rye cv.Dankowskie Zlote and octoploid triticale Grana x Dankowskie Zlote.Kernels from each form were analysed for the following freatures:basic geometric dimensions of kernels, 100 kernel weight and kernel volume: surface roughness, index of kernel damage and mechanical strength (determined by maximum force, force within elasticity limits, maximum deformation, elastic deformation, energy causing deterioration of kernel structure).Wheat lines with added rye chromosomes differed from one another and from the initial form wheat cv Grana in basic geometric dimensons.The lines 6R" and 6RL" had a distinctly higher 100 kernel weight and kernel volume than their initial forms.All the addition lines and octoploid triticale were characterised by markedly higher indices of external damages than the wheat cv.Grana.The mechanical strength of addition line kernels also varied considerably.
6

New genetic map of rye composed of PCR-based molecular markers and its alignment with the reference map of the DS2 ? RXL10 intercross

100%
Milczarski P., Banek-Tabor A., Lebiecka K., Stojalowski S., Myskow B., Masojc P.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2007
|
vol. 48
|
issue 3
11-24
EN
A new genetic map of rye, developed by using the 541 ? Ot1-3 F2 intercross, consists of 148 marker loci, including 99 RAPDs, 18 SSRs, 14 STSs, 9 SCARs and 7 ISSRs, and spans the distance of 1401.4 cM. To the 7 rye chromosomes, 8 linkage groups were assigned and compared with the reference map of the DS2 ? RXL10 F2 intercross by using 24 common markers. The 2 combined maps contain altogether 611 marker loci (70?109 per chromosome) and constitute a substantial source of information useful for further genomic studies in rye. From 21 to 37 RAPD marker loci are distributed randomly along each chromosome length and their total number for all 7 rye chromosomes is 177. This abundance of RAPD marker loci in the rye genetic map can be exploited for development of SCARs in regions containing important genes or QTL.
7

Aegilops-rye amphiploids and substitution rye used for introgression of genetic material into rye (Secale cereale L.)

88%
Apolinarska B., Wisniewska H., Wojciechowska B.
|
|
vol. 51
|
issue 4
413-420
EN
The valuable genes of Aegilops biuncialis, Ae. ovata, Ae. kotschyi, and Ae. variabilis were transferred to rye, by crossing Aegilops-rye amphiploids with tetraploid and diploid substitution rye. The C-banded karyotype of the BC1 and BC2 generations of amphiploids with 4x substitution rye and BC1 with 2x substitution rye showed great variation in chromosome number and composition. In the BC1 generation of amphiploids with 4x and 2x substitution rye, seed set success rate and germination rate varied depending on origin. However, plant sterility in all cross combinations of amphiploids with 4x and 2x substitution rye resulted in their elimination from further experiments in the BC3 and BC2 generations, respectively. In backcrosses of 4x substitution rye with amphiploids Ae. variabilis x rye 4x, fertile 4x rye plants containing Aegilops chromatin were produced in the BC2 generation.
8

Mapping of sequence-specific markers and loci controlling preharvest sprouting and alpha-amylase activity in rye (Secale cereale L.) on the genetic map of an F2 (S120xS76) population

88%
Myskow B., Stojalowski S., Milczarski P., Masojc P.
|
|
vol. 51
|
issue 3
283-287
EN
Location of the loci that control preharvest sprouting and alpha-amylase activity in rye was studied based on intercross S120?S76, consisting of 110 genotypes of F2 and F3 progenies. The genetic map currently consists of 141 loci distributed in 11 linkage groups, covering a distance of 506.4 cM, and was enriched during this study with 24 sequence-specific markers (7 SCARs, 7 SSRs, and 10 STSs). The extended map was applied for composite interval mapping of the loci controlling preharvest sprouting and ?-amylase activity, revealing 3 significant QTLs for preharvest sprouting, located on chromosomes 3R, 5R and 6R (in 1999), and one QTL for ?-amylase activity found on chromosome 2R (in 2000).
9

Present status of biotechnology of rye (Secale cereale L.)

88%
Bolesta E., Rybczynski J. J.
Biotechnologia
|
2001
|
issue 4
55-73
EN
This review paper covers the results of tissue culture and biotechnology of rye (Secale cereale L.) published between 1990 and 2000. The following subjects were raised: somatic embryogenesis, haploid production, intergenetic hybridisation and transformation. Upon conclusion of all the results published to date, we may say that the progress of biotechnology in the case of rye is very limited in comparison to other cereals. However, a lot of work and efforts were involved to obtain the aforementioned result. Taking into account the progress in plant genetics and molecular biology, the authors deeply believe that the New Millennium will bring a brake-through in rye biotechnology.
10

Transfer to wheat (Triticum aestivum) of small chromosome segments from rye (Secale cereale) carrying disease resistance genes

88%
Fu S., Tang Z., Ren Z., Zhang H.
|
|
vol. 51
|
issue 2
115-121
EN
One hundred wheat lines, derived from monosomic additions of chromosome 1R of rye inbred line R12 (Chinese rye), were detected by PCR amplification using rye-specific primer pairs. Only 5 wheat lines, 1R296, 1R330, 1R314, 1R725, and 1R734, were determined to contain rye chromatin. While 1R296 and 1R330 were highly susceptible to stripe rust and powdery mildew, 1R314, 1R725 and 1R734 were highly resistant to both diseases. Acid-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the ?secalin bands were absent in 1R314, but present in the other 4 wheat lines. Genomic in situ hybridization indicated that 1R296, 1R330, and 1R725 contained translocations involving the whole short arm of chromosome 1R. However, 1R314 and 1R734 contained a pair of wheat chromosomes with small, terminal, rye-derived chromosome segments. The results suggest that the translocation breakpoint of 1RS in 1R314 was located between the Sec-1 locus and the disease-resistance loci, while in line 1R734, the breakpoint was located between the Sec-1 locus and the centromere. Taking account of the improved disease resistance of 1R725, 1R314 and 1R734, the chromosome arm 1RS of R12 may represent new and valuable disease resistance resources for wheat improvement.
11

In vitro regeneration and transformation of rye (Secale cereale L.)

88%
Sowa S., Sowa A., Zimny J.
Biotechnologia
|
2000
|
issue 4
88-92
EN
In vitro cultures are an integral part of plant transformation. Genetic manipulation can be performed only on a single cell level. Therefore in vitro culture and regeneration of plants from a single cell are very important for successful transformation In vitro culture of rye is more difficult to conduct than of others cereals. Difficulties with in vitro regeneration of rye seems to be the main factor limiting the development of rye transformation systems. Genetic transformation process includes three main steps, single cell transformation, selection of transgenic cells and regeneration of plants from single cells. Efficiency of each of these steps can influence the result of the transformation process. Therefore optimisation of those steps is very important.Transformation has been performed using the microprojecticle method and scutellum of rye embryos as a target. Two constructs have been used in cotransformation, pDB1 containing a marker bar gene (phosphinotricine acetylotransferase) for Basta herbicide resistance and a repoter uidA gen (beta-glucuronidase) and pAwact-Sec containing 196 bp fragment of a sec-1 gene in anti-sense orientation. Using pAWact-Sec construct we tried to block the expression of the endogenous gene sec-1 coding omega-secalin which is storage protein of rye grain. We were able to regenerate transgenic rye plants containing all introduced genes. The efficiency of sec-1 expression blocking was analysed by SDS-PAGE method. Among 50 analysed kernels of T1 generation we found 5 with lower omega-secalin level. Complete blocking of omega-secalin was not observed.
12

Enhancing the resistance of triticale by using genes from wheat and rye

75%
Tyrka M., Chelkowski J.
|
|
issue 3
283-295
EN
At present two separate nomenclature systems exist for wheat and rye. This paper provides a proposed common catalogue of wheat, rye and triticale resistance gene symbols. More than 130 postulated wheat resistance genes are listed. Over 39 rye and 6 triticale resistance (R) genes have been identified and named. Genes responsible for reaction to powdery mildew and to leaf, stem and yellow rusts are the best-represented group of resistance genes. From the common catalogue it can be concluded that there exists a potential for further transfer of rye resistance genes to wheat and triticale. Many molecular markers can be applied for marker-assisted gene transfer, but the expression of the R genes in the new genetic background of triticale remains to be investigated.
13

The influence of rye cytoplasm on meiotic stability of tetraploid Secalotriticum

75%
Apolinarska B.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2003
|
vol. 44
|
issue 2
129-137
EN
Chromosome pairing in tetraploid Secalotriticum was analysed. In the studied plants wheat chromosomes in PMCs during metaphase I showed a higher degree of pairing, in comparison to the rye genome. This is reflected in a very low frequency of univalents and a higher frequency of ring bivalents. The occurrence of wheat univalents was dependent on wheat mixogenome. In plants with an unstabilized fourth homoeologous group, a heteromorphic bivalent 4A-4B was observed in 39.9% of PMCs, whereas in plants with an unstabilized seventh homoeologous group, chromosome 7A-7B pairing was found in all analysed cells. Rye univalents were present in all plants studied. The highest mean frequency of univalents and rod bivalents, both in wheat and in rye genomes, were recorded in plants whose first homoeologous group contained chromosome 1A. The mean number of terminal chiasmata per chromosome amounted to 1.78 in the wheat genome and 1.36 in the rye genome. It may be concluded that the plasmagenes in Secalotriticum did not increase the meiotic stability of the rye genome and also did not stabilize plant fertility.
14

Embryo-callus regenerated hybrids and amphidiploids of barley cultivars x rye inbred lines

75%
Wojciechowska B., Pudelska H.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
1995
|
vol. 36
|
issue 4
313-323
EN
In the presented hybridization programme of barley cultivars and rye inbred lines including 48 cross combinations the seed set ranged from 3.13 to 92.98%, while embryos were formed in 0.74 to 36.36% in successful pollinations.Sixty five plants were generated by embryo callus culture and one - by embryo culture without callus formation.The hybrids had somatic chromosome numbers 2n=14 (60 plants) and 2n=28 (6 plants).Plants obtained vie embryo callus culture showed good vegetative vigour and well-developed root system.Spike morphology of all plants resambled that of rye.Meiosis in 17 diploids showed 0.13-0.63 barley-barley and rye-rye bivalents with a chiasma frequency of 0.14-0.69 per cell. The hetromorphic bivalent-like configurations occured in five plants in 0.01-0.02 per cell.The amphidiploids had 7.79-10.71 barley-barley and rye-rye bivalents with the chiasm frequency of 9.36-17.75 per cell.All plants, with 14 and 28 chromosomes, were completly sterile both in backcrosses and when selfed.
15

Chromosome pairing in tetraploid rye with monosomic-substitution wheat chromosomes

75%
Apolinarska B.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2003
|
vol. 44
|
issue 2
119-128
EN
In tetraploid rye with single-substitution wheat chromosomes - 1A, 2A, 5A, 6A, 7A, 3B, 5B, 7B - chromosome pairing was analysed at metaphase I in PMCs with the C-banding method. The frequency of univalents of chromosome 1A was considerably higher than that of the other four wheat chromosomes of genome A (6A, 5A, 7A and 2A). Among chromosomes of genome B, the lowest mean frequency of univalents was observed for chromosome 5B. In monosomic lines, wheat chromosomes 1A, 2A, 5A, 6A, 7A and 5B paired with rye homoeologues most often in rod bivalents and in chain quadrivalents (also including 3B). The 47% pairing of 5B-5R chromosomes indicate that the rye genomes block the suppressor Ph1 gene activity. In monosomic plants with chromosomes 5A, 2A, 6A, 7A and 5B, a low frequency of rye univalents was observed. It was also found that the wheat chromosomes influenced the pairing of rye genome chromosomes, as well as the frequency of ring and rod bivalents and tri- and quadrivalents. However, the highest number of terminal chiasmata per chromosome occurred in the presence of chromosomes 5A and 2A, and the lowest ? in the presence of chromosomes 3B and 7B. In the presence of chromosome 5B, the highest frequency of bivalents was observed. The results of the present study show that the rye genome is closer related to the wheat genome A of than to genome B. The high pairing of wheat-rye chromosomes, which occurs in tetraploid rye with substitution wheat chromosomes, indicates that there is a high probability of incorporating wheat chromosome segments into rye chromosomes.
16

Rapid assessment of early embryo development in some wide crosses of cereals

75%
Slusarkiewicz-Jarzina A., Ponitka A., Wojciechowska B., Wozna J.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2000
|
vol. 41
|
issue 2
75-80
EN
The cleared-ovule technique was evaluated for rapid examination of early embryo development in selfed (barley, wheat) and crossed (barley x rye and reciprocal barley x wheat) material. The pistils were fixed in FAA and the isolated ovules were cleared in methyl salicylate. The development of embryos and endosperm were observed at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after pollination. The embryo development rate in barley x rye crosses was mostly similar but in some cases delayed or slightly faster than in control mother cultivars. In contrast to barley x rye crosses, in the reciprocal barley x wheat crosses the frequency of embryos was lower. The study shows that the technique of cleared-ovule in methyl salicylate may be applied for rapid assessment of early embryo and endosperm development in cereal plants. In comparison with traditional sectioning methods the clear ovule technique is simpler, more efficient and quicker.
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