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1
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Changes of platelets’ function in preeclampsia

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Babic G., Novokmet S., Jankovic S.
Open Medicine
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2011
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vol. 6
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issue 6
696-700
EN
Increased aggregation of platelets during preeclampsia was shown in several studies, yet several others reported no change. The aim of our study was to investigate platelet aggregation in a group of patients suffering from preeclampsia. In a cross-sectional study blood samples were taken from 89 hospitalized patients in the third trimester of pregnancy: 38 were suffering from mild to moderate preeclampsia and 51 patients were without preeclampsia. From the blood samples platelet aggregation, secretion of adenine nucleotides from platelets, concentration of energy-rich adenine compounds and levels of cyclic adenosine-mono-phosphate and cyclic guanosine mono-phosphate in platelets were measured. In the patients with preeclampsia, the adenosine diphosphate threshold for biphasic aggregation [odds ratio (OR):.75; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.55–1.02; p<0.05], total adenine nucleotides concentration in the metabolic pool of platelets (OR:0.99; CI: 0.62–1.57; p<0.01) and cyclic adenosine-mono-phosphate (OR:0.81; CI: 0.57, 1.14; p<0.05) and cyclic guanosine mono-phosphate (OR:.78; CI: 0.55–1.09; p<0.05) levels in platelets were decreased in comparison with the control group, while adenylate energy charge in the metabolic pool of platelets (OR: >100.00; CI: 0.00->100.00; p<0.05) and secretion of adenosine triphosphate (OR:.13; CI: 0.00–14.26; p<0.05) and adenosine diphosphate (OR:.77; CI: 0.08–36.79; p<0.05) were increased. The results of our study show increased activation and aggregation of platelets in pregnant females with preeclampsia.
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Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in pregnancy

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Vujin B., Kovačević D., Petrović M., Ivanov I., Panić G.
Open Medicine
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2014
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vol. 9
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issue 1
49-53
EN
We have described a rare case of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in pregnancy, which is presented with cardiac arrest (ventricular fibrillation) at onset. In this case, the transient left ventricular ballooning in absence of coronary artery disease, produced a severe impairment of cardiac function with typical echocardiographic and electrocardiographic findings. There were complications in the form of ventricular fibrillation, with recurrence due to possible Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and new malignant heart rhythm disorder that increases the mortality rate compared with the first attack of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Due to presented symptoms the patient has opted for the implantation of cardioverter defibrillator.
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Gross pericardial effusion with tamponade in 2nd trimester of pregnancy

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Kudaiberdiev T., Imanalieva G., Usupbaeva G., Kalieva R., Tukusheva E.
Open Medicine
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2010
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vol. 5
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issue 3
369-371
EN
Hypothyroidism in pregnancy is associated with serious maternal and fetal risk. Rarely, it is manifested by life-threatening cardiac complications, such as gross pericardial effusion and tamponade. We present a case of successfully treated gross pericardial effusion and tamponade in a 22-week pregnant woman with hypothyroidism. The patient was treated by pericardial drainage with further treatment of hypothyroidism with levothyroxine. During the follow-up pregnancy was uncomplicated without recurrence of pericardial effusion and successful delivery of full-term baby. We conclude that careful monitoring of thyroid functional tests and proper management should be performed in pregnant women with hypothyroidism to prevent cardiac complications of the disease, like pericardial effusion and tamponade.
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Cushing’s syndrome diagnosed after delivery: a case report

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Andjelkovic M., Mladenovic V., Djukic A., Jankovic S.
Open Medicine
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2013
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vol. 8
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issue 5
674-678
5
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Prenatally diagnosed fetal omphalocele at 11 week gestation - a case report

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Protrka Z., Dimitrijevic A., Kastratovic T., Djuric J., Arsenijevic P., Novakovic T., Milosavljevic M.
Open Medicine
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2013
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vol. 8
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issue 4
431-433
EN
Omphalocele is the most common congenital defect of the abdominal wall and in a large percentage of cases it is associated with chromosomal anomalies. In this case report during the regular ultrasound examination at 11 weeks of gestation, omphalocela, whose scope was 90% of fetal abdomen, was diagnosed. Karyotype analysis showed the presence of chromosomal aberrations 47 XX + 18 (Edwards syndrome). After the presentation of the severity of congenital anomalies and characteristic of the Edwards syndrome patient decided to terminate the pregnancy.
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Complications during pregnancy, labor and puerperium in women with increased BMI at pregnancy term

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Mamula O., Severinski N., Mamula M., Severinski S.
Open Medicine
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2009
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vol. 4
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issue 1
71-75
EN
The aim of this study was to analyse perinatal complications in woman with increased BMI at pregnancy term. Study included 23190 women who gave singleton birth during a 10-year period in our institution. Maternal databases were reviewed for pregnancy, labor and delivery complications and early maternal postpartum morbidity. Women with increased BMI at pregnancy term had a significantly higer incidence of postterm pregnancy, gestational diabetes, pregnancy-induced hypertension and third trimester hemorrhage, compared to normal weight women (p 0.000). Women with increased BMI had significantly more labor induction with prostaglandins (p 0.001 and 0.000) and elective caesarean (p 0.025 and 0.000). Also, overweight and obese women had higher incidence of operative delivery: caesarean section (p 0.000) and vacuum extraction (p 0.000). The incidences of postpartum febrility (p 0.057, 0.000, 0.002) and trombophlebits (p 0.013) were also significantly higher. We can conclude that prepregnancy normal weight women with increased BMI during pregnancy need special follow-up and counseling in pregnancy and delivery.
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Venous thromboembolism in pregnant woman - a challenge for the clinician

100%
Diaconu C., Bălăceanu A., Bartoş D.
Open Medicine
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2013
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vol. 8
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issue 5
548-552
EN
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are two clinical entities of a single disease called venous thromboembolism. Venous thromboembolism is an important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis and treatment of venous thromboembolism in pregnant women are much more difficult than in non-pregnant women. Pregnant patients were excluded from all major clinical trials investigating therapeutic combinations for acute thromboembolism. Although, for many years, the standard anticoagulant during pregnancy and postpartum was unfractionated heparin, current guidelines recommend low molecular weight heparin. The advantages of low molecular weight heparin are lower risk of bleeding, predictable pharmacokinetics, lower risk of fracture because of thrombocytopenia and heparin-induced osteoporosis.
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A population-based case control study of congenital abnormalities and medication use during pregnancy using the Czech National Register of congenital abnormalities

88%
Mašková J., Šípek A., Kollár P.
Open Medicine
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2011
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vol. 6
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issue 4
435-441
EN
The aim was to identify and quantify the association between the use of particular medications during the first trimester of pregnancy and selected congenital abnormalities (CAs) of newborns. Data were from the Czech National Registry of CAs. We used a case-control design, and collected total of 7285 cases and 9143 controls. Thiethylperazine and iron compounds had no effect on development of CAs. Lower odds ratio and potentially protective associations were found between CAs and bioflavonoids, folic acid, progesterone, levothyroxine, and iodine therapy. Since the protective effect of bioflavonoids was not described before, analysis of interaction with other drugs was performed. However, their protective effect was not confirmed and the strongest significant protective effect was detected in combination of bioflavonoids and progesterone. Increased odds ratio were identified for hydroxyprogesterone, phenoxymethylpenicillin, aspirin, paracetamol and valproic acid. The association between paracetamol and congenital foot deformities was not significant, while the same association for the whole group of CAs and deformities of musculoskeletal system had significantly increased odds ratio. Except newly described effect of bioflavonoids, our results are in agreement with risk categories defined by health authorities in USA and Australia, and with results of other studies. According to our results, paracetamol does not influence development of congenital foot deformities.
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The use of mass spectrometry in obstetric and gynecology

88%
Ilia G., Crasmareanu E., Pascut D., Darabanti L., Simulescu V.
Open Chemistry
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2013
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vol. 11
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issue 5
645-654
EN
The present review shows the utility of using mass spectrometry (MS) in obstetrics and gynecology. In this review different gas chromatography / mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography / mass spectrometry methods developed before to be used in obstetrics and gynecology are described. These methods are very useful to determine different hormones in pregnancy, fatty acids esters (related to the use of ethanol) in human meconium and toxic compounds in umbilical cord (as ethanol, steroids, morphine, cocaine, methadone and other drugs). It is also shown in this review the progress during last decades in the field of using mass spectrometry in obstetrics and gynecology (for screening in utero exposure of the child to alcohol, drugs and other toxic compounds). In the field of using mass spectrometry in obstetrics and gynecology are still many problems to solve. For example, the detection of fatty acids esters in meconium has several limitations, which affects the results. One limitation is multiple births. Also in fetal distress, meconium may be passed before birth, and in this case, the collection is impossible. Moreover the meconium is formed starting from the fourth month of pregnancy, so the fetal exposure at any toxic compounds during the first three months cannot be detected at all. To solve all of these, the best would be to combine the results obtained from meconium, with other results obtained from pregnancy serum, placenta or umbilical cord. The main reason for using MS in obstetrics and gynecology is that MS is a noninvasive and a complementary method. It offers the results at a very early point in time, even before the act of birth. Sometimes the use of mass spectrometry is the only alternative. This shows that these methods are of great interest for the future and need to be developed further. [...]
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No effect of human chorionic gonadotropin treatment due to threatened abortion in early pregnancy for birth outcomes

88%
Czeizel A., Dudás I., Gidai J., Horváth-Puhó E.
Open Medicine
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2008
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vol. 3
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issue 1
71-76
EN
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is used parenterally for treatment of threatened abortions and repeated spontaneous abortion in pregnant women. No controlled epidemiological studies of preterm birth and low birthweight newborns in pregnant women with HCG treatment have been published while the results of animal investigations were controversial. The data of 97 pregnant women with HCG treatment in the second and third months of pregnancy due to threatened abortion and/or previous spontaneous abortion(s) was compared with the data of other 38,054 pregnant women in the population-based large data set of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities. There was no difference in mean gestational age at delivery and birth weight, in addition the rate of preterm birth and low birthweight newborns. Parenteral HCG treatment in the early pregnancy due to threatened abortion did not associate with a higher risk for preterm births or low birthweight newborns. However, a higher occurrence of gestational diabetes was found in pregnant women with HCG treatment and there was a slight male excess among newborn infants (p=0.06).
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Influence of cadmium and copper on tissue element levels of pregnant rats

88%
Turgut S., Enli Y., Emmungil G., Turgut G., Demir S., Kaptanoglu B., Genç O.
Open Medicine
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2007
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vol. 2
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issue 4
447-457
EN
In the current study, we examined the effects of Cd on Cd, Cu, Zn and Fe levels in placenta and maternal and fetal plasma and tissues, the placental weight, total fetal and maternal body weights, and fetal and maternal tissue weights during pregnancy. A total of 21 adult female rats were treated during gestation with drinking water containing one of the following: 70 mg/L of CdCl2, a combination of 70 mg/L of CdCl2 and 70 mg/L of CuSO4, or no addition (control). Placenta Cu and Fe levels, fetal liver and kidney Cu levels, and fetal liver tissue weights were lower in the group administered Cd than in the control group. Also, Cd levels in the placenta, maternal and fetal liver, and maternal kidney were higher in the group treated with Cd than in controls. In the group administered both Cd and Cu, fetal body and tissue weights did not change, but Cd levels in the placenta, maternal and fetal liver, and maternal kidneys were higher than in controls. Zn and Fe levels in the maternal kidney and fetal liver were also lower in this group. Cd exposure during pregnancy resulted in Cd accumulation in maternal and fetal tissues during pregnancy and a decrease in the total weight of fetuses, and the combination of Cd and Cu caused some changes in the both maternal and fetal levels of Cu, Zn, and Fe, but it did not cause changes in the total fetal body weight or the weights of individual tissues.
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Is adequate and balanced nutrition during pregnancy more effective than iron and folic acid supplements?

88%
Elmacioglu F., Surucu B., Alper T., Ozenoglu A., Ugurlu S.
Open Medicine
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2010
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vol. 5
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issue 2
235-242
EN
To provide instruction for pregnant women regarding adequate and balanced nutrition and determine whether iron and folic acid supplementation is essential. The research was an experimental clinical intervention. The study was conducted between March 2004 and May 2005 with 80 pregnant volunteers. The study participants were in their 16th to 24th weeks of pregnancy; all participants were healthy, carried only one fetus, and successfully completed their pregnancy. All participants were instructed about adequate and balanced nutrition. Until the participants gave birth, 40 (Group 1) consumed an iron-rich diet that was equivalent to the inclusion of a supplement containing 100 mg Ferro III plus 0,35 mg folic acid; the other group (Group 2) was also instructed in proper nutrition and was given by a gynecologist 1 tablet (100 mg) Ferro III hydroxide polymaltose complex and iron pharmaceutical with 0,35 mg folic acid (Maltofer Fol). In both groups, before and after the instruction, consumption frequency was noted, and the levels of serum ferritin, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, folic acid, and vitamin B12 in the blood were determined at monthly intervals. Between the two groups, no statistical difference was found with regard to age, number of pregnancies, weight before pregnancy, body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy, and weight of the newborn (p>0,05). At the end of the study, the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum ferritin levels decreased considerably in both groups compared to the initial values (p<0.01). No statistically significant difference in serum ferritin levels could be found between the two groups (p>0,05). The comparison of Group I and Group II in terms of nutritional status (average energy and food consumption) in the pre-instruction and post-instruction periods revealed that intake of total protein, heme protein, dietary fiber, folic acid, carotene, vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, C, and B12, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, and zinc was higher in Group I in the post-instruction period (p=0.000); no statistically significant change in nutritional status during pregnancy was observed in Group II. Conclusion: Medical diet programs with iron sources are examined in association with food consumption. Assessment of hematological results suggests that, during pregnancy, each patient should receive a specific dose, rather than a routine dose, of iron and folic acid.
13
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Content available

Subjective methods for assessing physical activity in pregnant women

75%
Curyło M., Forczek W., Forczek B.
Medical Rehabilitation
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2014
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vol. 18(3)
25-30
PL
Regularna aktywność fizyczna stosowana w okresie poprzedzającym ciążę oraz w czasie jej trwania w znacznym stopniu warunkuje prawidłowy przebieg tego niezwykle ważnego stanu w życiu kobiety. Celem niniejszej pracy jest prezentacja subiektywnych narzędzi badawczych najczęściej stosowanych do oceny aktywności ruchowej kobiet ciężarnych. Analizowano przydatność kwestionariuszy: Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire, Kaiser Physical Activity Survey, International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire, Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall, Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire, oraz Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents and Adults. Z uwagi na wykazywane w licznych badaniach, prowadzonych na całym świecie, zjawisko ograniczania aktywności ruchowej wśród ciężarnych oraz znikomą ilość badań polskich w zakresie oceny aktywności fizycznej w grupie kobiet oczekujących narodzin dziecka, wydaje się zasadne propagowanie metod, które pozwolą na obserwację trendów tego zjawiska w Polsce. Wydaje się, iż jest to istotne w pracy lekarzy, położnych i fizjoterapeutów, których rolą jest m.in. promowanie zachowań prozdrowotnych.
EN
Regular physical activity in the period before and during pregnancy largely determines the correct course of this important state in the life ofa woman. The purpose of this paper is to present the subjective research tools most commonly used to assess physical activity in pregnant women. The following questionnaires were studied: Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire, Kaiser Physical Activity Survey, International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire, Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall, Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire and Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents and Adults. Due to the phenomenon of limiting physical activity among pregnant women, reported in numerous studies conducted around the world, anda negligible amount of Polish research on the assessment of physical activity in pregnant women, it seems reasonable to promote methods that allow for the observation of trends of this phenomenon in Poland. It seems that tracking trends is important for the work of doctors, midwives and physiotherapists, whose role is to, among other things, promote healthy behaviour.
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Malaria, hepatitis B and their co-infection among pregnant women visiting maternity centers in Akure, Nigeria

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Afolabi O. J., Bakare T. P.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2022
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vol. 45
93-102
EN
The state of pregnancy is considered a high-risk factor for acquisition of malaria and hepatitis B infections due to hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy. The research was aimed at determining the prevalence of malaria, hepatitis B and their co-infection among pregnant women visiting maternity centers in Akure South Local Government. Five hundred pregnant women were examined from Comprehensive Health Centre, Arakale and Mother and Child Hospital, Oke- Aro for malaria and hepatitis B. Thick and thin blood smears were prepared to detect the presence of malaria parasites, hepatitis B virus kit was used to detect hepatitis B virus antigen. The results showed that 65.6% of the pregnant women were infected with malaria parasites, while 3.8% were infected with hepatitis B virus. It was further observed that 2.2% pregnant women who had malaria also had Hepatitis B. Malaria was more prevalent among the age group 21-25years (68.1%), and women in their third trimester (66.7%), while hepatitis B virus was more prevalent among age group 41-45years (14.3%) and women in their second trimester (4.6%). The study therefore revealed high prevalence of malaria and low prevalence of Hepatitis B infections among pregnant women in this study area. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and treatment of the two infections among pregnant women should be intensified to prevent maternal and neonate mortality.
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Lower-limb ooedema during pregnancy

75%
Ochałek K., Frydrych-Szymonik A., Szyguła Z.
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PL
Autorzy przedstawili przypadek 30-letniego mężczyzny, u którego doszło do nagłego zatrzymania krążenia w wyniku porażenia prądem wysokiego napięcia. Od 2. tygodnia po wypadku przeprowadzano rehabilitację w warunkach szpitalnych, mającą na celu utrzymanie zakresu ruchomości w stawach oraz od 6. tygodnia przeprowadzano intensywną rehabilitację w warunkach domowych. Mimo przeprowadzanego leczenia zaobserwowano całkowite ograniczenie ruchomości stawów biodrowych oraz w oparciu o radiogram i projekcję przestrzenną TK zdiagnozowano masywne neurogenne skostnienia heterotopowe (NSH). Przeprowadzono dwa zabiegi mające na celu usunięcie NSH: najpierw z okolicy lewego (15. miesiąc od wypadku), a następnie prawego stawu biodrowego (18. miesiąc od wypadku). Po interwencji zaobserwowano istotny wzrost ruchomości obu stawów biodrowych oraz zmniejszenie dolegliwości bólowych, co w efekcie znacznie poprawiło możliwości funkcjonalne pacjenta. Dodatkowo wprowadzono profi laktykę zapobiegającą nawrotom NSH, która polegała na utrzymaniu zarówno biernego, jak i czynnego zakresu ruchu oraz na stosowaniu zabiegów fi zykoterapeutycznych w postaci głębokiej oscylacji. W badaniu TK, wykonanym w 41. miesiącu po wypadku, uwidoczniono NSH w mniejszym stopniu, aniżeli miało to miejsce pierwotnie.
EN
Lower-limb oedemas can be the result of abnormalities in the structure and functioning of the lymphatic system, injuries or inflammation, or can be related to cancer and its treatment; however, they are more often one of the basic symptoms accompanying women in the third trimester of pregnancy due to vein insufficiency. The purpose of this overview is to discuss the current knowledge related to risk factors, prevention and treatment of lower-limb oedemas during pregnancy. The risk factors linked to gravidity-related oedema comprise of increased volume of circulating blood, the augmented uterus, increased body mass and changes to hormonal turnover. Vein insufficiency occurs as a result of venous hypertension caused by insufficiency of the muscle pump and valvar regurgitation. Pregnancy, the application of Caesarean section and the postpartum period predispose to deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The basic and unquestionable method applied in the prophylaxis and treatment of abnormalities to the venous-lymphatic system and corresponding complications consists in compression therapy involving compressive bandaging and the use of compression garments. Compression can be applied either individually or in combination with other methods, such as manual lymph drainage, intermittent pump compression and physical or breathing exercises. Based on the scientific evidence and experts’ recommendations, compression is also considered to be an effective solution in the prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis and swelling in pregnant women, but further investigation is needed. Ochałek K., Frydrych-Szymonik A., Szyguła Z. Lower-limb oedema during pregnancy. Med Rehabil 2016; 20(4): 17-21. DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0009.5481
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Fetal growth promoting effect of hydroxyethylrutoside in pregnant women

63%
Pósfai É., Czeizel A., Bánhidy F.
Open Medicine
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2014
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vol. 9
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issue 6
802-806
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Influence of physical activity on the psychophysical condition of pregnant women

63%
Chitryniewicz-Rostek J., Kulis A., Kreska-Korus A.
Medical Rehabilitation
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2015
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vol. 19(1)
9-14
PL
Aktywność fizyczna jest nieodłączną sferą w życiu każdego człowieka, stanowiąc genetycznie zaprogramowaną naturalną potrzebą ludzkiego organizmu. Szczególnie istotna wydaje się być u kobiet, które stają w obliczu różnego rodzaju wyzwań życia codziennego, a w sposób wyjątkowy w czasie ciąży, co jest związane między innymi z licznymi zmianami zachodzącymi w ich organizmie. Celem prezentowanych badań była analiza wpływu różnorodnych form aktywności fizycznej na stan psychofizyczny kobiet ciężarnych. Badaniami objęto grupę 166 ciężarnych kobiet. Zostało ono przeprowadzone w formie autorskiego kwestionariusza. Grupę badaną (grupa A, n = 125) stanowiły kobiety, które były aktywne fizycznie podczas ciąży. Grupę kontrolną natomiast stanowiły kobiety, które pomimo braku przeciwwskazań aktywności takiej nie wykazywały (grupa B, n = 41). Przeprowadzone badania pozwoliły ustalić, że aktywność fizyczna kobiet ciężarnych pomaga w zachowaniu dobrego ich samopoczucia, zmniejsza tzw. dolegliwości ciążowe oraz pozwala wzmocnić ciało ciężarnej jako przygotowanie do porodu. Tzw. świadomość ciała i zachodzących w nim zmian podczas ciąży wyraźnie wpływa na zmniejszenie stresu przedporodowego, a w późniejszym okresie zwiększa więź matki z dzieckiem.
EN
Physical activity is an indispensable sphere of every person’s life, a genetically programmed natural need of the human body. It is particularly significant in the case of women, who face challenges in everyday life, maintaining a professional career, taking care of duties at home and, at some point, also enduring pregnancy, which causes numerous changes to a woman’s entire body. The objective of this scientific research was to analyse the influence of various forms of physical activity on the psychophysical condition of pregnant women. The research was conducted among a group of 166 pregnant women. It was performed using the authors’ own questionnaire, which was prepared for this purpose and was anonymous in character. The study group (Group A, n=125) was made up of women who had been active during their pregnancy. The control group, however, were women who, despite the absence of contraindications, did not participate in such activity (Group B, n=41). Engaging in physical activity during pregnancy helps women preserve a positive frame of mind, lessens pregnancy ailments and helps strengthen a pregnant woman’s body. Practicing breathing is an excellent way for a woman to prepare herself for delivery. An increased awareness of the body and the changes that occur throughout pregnancy results in the lessening of stress and enables the mother to sense a stronger bond with the baby.
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Validation of a Romanian scale to detect antenatal depression

63%
Wallis A., Fernandez R., Oprescu F., Cherecheş R., Zlati A., Dungy C.
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EN
The aim of this study was to develop and validate a linguistically and culturally appropriate version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for use with women attending antenatal care in Romania. We translated and tested a Romanian version of the EPDS (EPDS-R) in four hospitals in three Romanian cities: Cluj-Napoca, Satu Mare, and Sighetu-Marmatiei. The study population included third-trimester women attending antenatal clinics (n=418); 364 subjects were included in the analytic sample. We used the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) as a “gold standard”. We assessed reliability, validity, and conducted sensitivity analysis to establish an EPDS-R cutpoint. We found that reliability was robust (α=0.89) and there was a significant linear relationship between EPDS-R and CES-D scores (r=0.77; p<0.001). We established an EPDS-R cutpoint of >12 to balance sensitivity and specificity. Principal component analysis revealed a two-factor solution. We detected antenatal depressive symptoms prevalence rates of 32% (CES-D) and 38% (EPDS-R). This is the first study to report exclusively on antenatal depression and the use of the EPDS in Central and Eastern Europe. The EPDS-R is easy to administer, reliable, and valid for screening depression among antenatal women in Romania.
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