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EN
After Poland joins the European Union Polish agriculture will face significant structural changes, with the consequent loss of biological diversity. With the aim of taking actions to prevent the degradation of agricultural landscape, in 2002 a common research project "Biodiversity of agricultural landscape of Central Poland and its expected changes in connection with the transformations of agrarian structure after Polish accession to the EU" was started by an international team from the University of Łódź and Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Germany. The principal aim of the research is to assess the current state, expected future changes and threats to biodiversity in agricultural areas of Central Poland. The issue of the protection of agricultural landscapes accords "The national strategy for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity" announced by the Ministry of the Environment. The investigation will include the following tasks: - to determine the landscape structure of the study area - delimitation of morpholithohydrotopes; - to describe the current land use; - to analyse the floristic diversity of the studied habitats; - to determine the relation of landscape structure, land use and biodiversity; - to study the importance of linear structures in agricultural landscape for floristic biodiversity; - to distinguish areas suitable for the implementation of various protecting measures. The results of investigations will enable to define types of areas with the highest natural values in agricultural landscape, which should be designated as protected areas or covered by agri-environmental schemes. Conclusions from implementation of the new investigation procedure can be adopted for spatial planning at local and regional levels. The results can become a basis for the development of detailed indications of directions of agriculturalland management so that traditional agrarian structure would be preserved in the areas with the highest biological diversity. Adverse changes of agrarian structure and biodiversity that took place in Germany call for urgent implementation of the research project in Central Poland with the aim of taking actions to prevent the degradation of Polish agricultural landscape.
PL
W związku z przewidywanymi zmianami w strukturze własnościowej, obszarowej, kierunków użytkowania ziemi, jakie nastąpią w rolnictwie po wejściu do Unii Europejskiej, Autorzy przedstawiają projekt prac badawczych dotyczących różnorodności biologicznej obszarów rolniczych Polski Środkowej. W Artykule zostały przedstawione cele i proponowane metody badań, charakterystyki trzech wybranych obszarów reprezentatywnych, czynniki wpływające na różnorodność biologiczną, dokonano wstępnej oceny stanu bioróżnorodności oraz wyrażono opinie na temat możliwości ochrony terenów rolniczych.
EN
Closed depressions in Central Poland are different origin. Two main groups are anthropogenic and natural forms. Many genetic types of the latter can be indentified, e.g.: l. blow-outs accompanying dunes and their complexes; 2. fluvial depressions, e.g. cut-off oxbow lakes at a various stage of decay; 3. karst collapse depressions, both young and largely buried by younger sediments; 4. suffosion steep-walled kettles and gentle hollows; 5. a significant and extensive group of Pleistocene forms in origin of which ice-sheet and permafrost are involved, thus depressions conditioned by: a. irregular glacial accumulation, b. uneven postglaciotectonic surface, c. dead ice melting out, and also from d. degradation of ground ice, e. progressive melting of intrusive ice. The Pleistocene in age depressions commonly occur on till plains and also in the upper sections of dry valleys (Fig. l). Their significance consists, fust of all, in the usefulness of their fillings to palaeogeographical reconstructions. It is the reason for which they were a subject of detailed analyses. Also, an attempt to correlate the results with the existing climatic curves of the Vistulian for Europe and Poland has been made. The interpretation has been based on the studied profiles from closed depressions, supported by palinologic documentation and radiocarbon dates. They are shown in Fig. 2, while the conclusions are presented below. During the Warta ice-sheet recession (150-140 ka BP) the relief of newly deposited tills and of fresh postglaciotectonic surfaces created local base levels in which deposits of wash and solifluction and afterwards mineral-organic sediments accumulated. There processes were retarded somewhat by very poor communities of treeless tundra that changed gradually to a park tundra and a boreal forest corresponding already to the interglacial succession. The Eemian landscape in Central Poland was aboundant in closed depressions. The primary lakes (gyttja, mineral-organic silts) were in the middle and upper Eem transformed into the raised bogs (peats, peat shales). At some places the process of organic sedimentation went 9.n during the Vistulian (Fig. 2 - Rudunki, Krzepczów). The type of sediments as well as the type of plant cover of the fust stadial of Vistulian (VS1) confum the opinion on an increase of humidity and a fall in temperature. The AmersfoortjBrmup warming, about 10000 years, with the mean temperature of July 15-l7°C and pine forest with larch, birch and spruce ~as followed by the second Vistulian stadial (VS2) with the mean values for July slighthy above 5°C. The succeeding interstadial, which in the vicinity of Łódź is called "Rudunki Interstadial" and is correlated with the Odderade, is the final forest episode of the early glacial that lasted for about 60 000 years. Simultanously, the organic accumulation in Rudunki and Krzepczów fmished (Fig. 2).For the Plenivistulian, until the Denekamp, no correlative deposits (naither organic nor mineral) have been found. Only the Krzepczów profile displays the probable fluvial sedimentation. In the other promes the hiatus comprises all Plenivistulian warmings. Form the Denekamp on, a lot of data on deposits and numerous 14C and TL dates are available. The climatic deterioration enabled silts and fine-grained sediments with numerous syngenetic frost deformations to form on slopes and in depressions. The maximum of cold and aridity, with continuous permafrost, occurring in the Leszno and Poznań Phases corresponds with the gravel-stone horizon. It is correlated with the "Beuningen Steinsohle" and dated at 20000-18 000 years BP. During the ice-sheet recession up to the line of Pomeranian moraines thinly-laminated sands and their oversnow facies deposited. With the ice-sheet withdrawal up to the Gardno Phase, there was renewal of aeolian activity, which has an equivalent at the top of 'deposits of some depressions. The succession observed at the Rudunki site (Fig. 3) is a case in point. However, other facies, e.g. on interlluves or in river valleys, can exist.
PL
Omówiono genetyczne typy zagłębień bezodpływowych najczęściej występujących w środkowej Polsce. Podkreślono dużą, ale zróżnicowaną rolę rodzaju ich wypełnień dla rekonstrukcji paleogeograficznych. za najważniejsze uznano kopalne dziś zagłębienia wieku plejstoceńskiego. Wybrane spośród nich przykłady pochodzące z własnych badań, z dobrze udokumentowanymi osadami wypełniającymi, poddano dokładnej analizie, zwracając szczególną uwagę na sedymentologiczne cechy osadów mineralnych, paleobotaniczną charakterystykę serii organicznych oraz korelacje z wynikami pomiaru wieku bezwzględnego, uzyskanymi metodami 14C i TL. Na podstawie tych danych podjęto próbę rekonstrukcji paleogeograficznej zmieniających się warunków przyrodniczych w środkowej Polsce. Interpretację przedstawiono w porządku stratygraficznym, poczynając od schyłku zlodowacenia warciańskiego, poprzez interglacjał eemski, wczesny vistulian, plenivistulian i późny vistulian, do czasów współczesnych. Wyniki, jako oparte na danych z denudacyjnych systemów zamkniętych, z natury swej nie uwzględniają udziału procesów erozyjnych, a eksponują jedynie tendencje agradacyjne lub fazy stabilizacji.
EN
The Warsaw-Berlin ice-marginal valley is very important element of the lowland landscape in the interior of Poland. This landform has composite geological structure and tessellated collocation of habitats. The valley bottom is wide (1,2–5 km) and composed of two surfaces: fragment of sandy terrace and flood plain. Peat bogs cover large areas in two sections of the valley bottom. These conditions had an influence on the development of settlement. The article presents the environmental conditions of small towns location in the bottom of ice-marginal valley. The topographical situations of ten small towns have been analyzed. An analysis of various elements of the natural environment shows that the main consideration in locating small towns was their geomorphological and hydrological situation. Most small towns were located on a high slope of the ice-marginal valley bottom, only one town was built on both river banks. The natural environment of ice-marginal valley bottom is a barrier to spatial development of small towns. Valuable natural environment is preserved in bottom of ice-marginal valley therefore the towns location was described in the context of protected areas (landscape park, Natura 2000 areas). Small towns and natural environment of the ice-marginal valley bottom create harmonious landscape. 
PL
Pradolina warszawsko-berlińska jest ważnym elementem w krajobrazie Polski Środkowej. Forma ta ma złożoną budowę geologiczną i mozaikowy układ siedlisk. Dno pradoliny jest szerokie (1,2–5 km) i zbudowane z dwóch powierzchni: fragmentów terasy piaszczystej i równiny zalewowej (namuły). W dwóch odcinkach pradoliny duże powierzchnie zajmują torfowiska. Takie warunki miały wpływ na rozwój osadnictwa. Artykuł przedstawia środowiskowe uwarunkowania lokalizacji małych miast w dnie pradoliny. Przeanalizowano położenie topograficzne dziesięciu miast. Analiza różnych elementów środowiska przyrodniczego wskazuje, że głównym czynnikiem decydującym o lokalizacji miast były walory geomorfologiczne i hydrologiczne. Większość miast została ulokowana na wysokim stoku pradoliny, a tylko jedno miasto zostało zbudowane na obydwu brzegach rzeki. Środowisko przyrodnicze dna pradoliny jest barierą w rozwoju przestrzennym miast. W dnie pradoliny zachowało się cenne środowisko przyrodnicze, dlatego przedstawiono położenie miast na tle obszarów chronionych (park krajobrazowy, obszar Natura 2000). Małe miasta i środowisko przyrodnicze dna pradoliny tworzą harmonijny krajobraz.
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