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The origins of the Special Olympics Movement in Poland in the 20th century

100%
Pilecka D., Jurek T.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2020
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vol. 32
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issue 4
43-50
EN
Since World War II, sport involving people with disabilities has gradually evolved in Poland, and people with intellectual disabilities had not participated in any sporting events until the end of the 1960s. They were treated as second-class citizens having no rights that they should be entitled to. The reason behind this was the State’s policy towards sport, where high-performance sport, especially Olympic sport, played a vital role that was supposed to testify to the high level of civilisation in communist Poland. People with disabilities were regarded as a shameful problem and were practically kept hidden away. They, therefore, did not participate in social life, including athletic activities. The first competition held in Poland under the name of the Special Olympics was not organised until 1969 in Poznań. On May 26, 1973, the first national sporting event for mentally retarded children (as they were referred to at the time) was called Spartakiad and was held in Warsaw. That was around that time that the sports movement in Poland began to draw on American practices, and in the 1980s it adopted the form of the Special Olympics, both in terms of organisation and sporting activities. This period was marked by active cooperation with the USA and other countries, where Polish athletes with intellectual disabilities began to compete in international competitions.
2
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Graduates of the University of Szczecin in the Group of Trainers Who Stand as a Candidate for the Polish Representation of the XXXII Olympics or the 16th Tokyo Paralympics 2020

75%
Eider J.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2019
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vol. 27
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issue 3
65-73
EN
Club coaches, national team coaches, as well as Olympic or Paralympic team coaches are those trainers who use their knowledge, professionalism and experience to lead their trainees to achieve sports results that satisfy athletes as well as coaches and authorities of Polish associations of various sports disciplines practiced by the athletes. A good trainer is the most important person in the coaching team, as they supervise the whole participation of their Olympians or Paralympians. Among the graduates of the Szczecin University’s Physical Education, there are many trainers of various sports disciplines. They are club coaches, national team coaches and they also hold coaching functions at the Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games. The aim of this paper is to: present the university (student) characteristics of the analyzed coaches and a physiotherapist who stand among the potential candidates to be appointed for the coaching and medical staff of their trainees (including the football team) who will fight for qualification standards guaranteeing them participation in the 32nd Summer Olympics or 16th Paralympic Games Tokyo 2020; showing the current coaching activity of the trainers and a physiotherapist in question; presenting the criteria and eligibility rules which the athletes of the coaches and the physiotherapist need to obtain to take part in the Tokyo Olympic or Paralympic competition. The research material consists of six graduates of the University of Szczecin, who majored in Physical Education, and who currently work primarily in the coaching team (Tomasz Kaźmierczak, Jacek Kostrzeba, Tomasz Lewandowski, Grzegorz Musztafaga, Miłosz Stępiński) and the medical/therapeutic team (Beata Buryta). All of the analyzed graduates of the University of Szczecin are among the trainers and physiotherapists who are candidates for the Polish national team for the 32nd Olympic Games or the 16th Paralympics Games Tokyo 2020. Tomasz Kaźmierczak – he will definitely be present for the fourth time at the Summer Games Tokyo 2020 as a coach for disabled rowers (previous participations in 2008, 2012, and 2016). The trainees of the coaches in question (except for the football team) can be included into the Polish team participating in the Summer Games Tokyo 2020 and at least compete in finals during the Olympic or Paralympic competition.
3
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Klasyfikacja zawodników w lekkoatletycznych konkurencjach biegowych w świetle wyników uzyskanych na Igrzyskach Paraolimpijskich w latach 2000 – 2012 / Classification of athletes in athletics track events in terms of results obtained during Paralympics Games in years 2000 – 2012

63%
Bednarczuk G., Przepióra W., Rutkowska I., Skowroński W.
Advances in Rehabilitation
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2014
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vol. 28
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issue 4
51-58
EN
Introduction: Issues related to the classification in sport of people with disabilities is one of the major area of research in this field. Looking to objective criteria for assessing functional capabilities of the players, in order to allow them a fair competition, where impact on the achieved result is performance, and not the type and degree of disability. Material and methods: Analysis of the sports results obtained at the Paralympic Games (PG) in the years 2000-2012 was aimed to assess the classification system in Track & Field (TF). Material were sports results, based on official reports, obtained by athletes with locomotor disability (LD) in the track events during PG in the years 2000-2012. To determine the difference in results between starting classes the U Mann - Whitney test was used. Statistical significance was set at p <0.05. Results: The largest difference in the results obtained by the athletes (men) with similar functional capabilities was observed among competing on the wheelchair. No statistically significant differences between the results of the runners competing in the standing position was observed in T38 and T44 classes in 400m, throughout the entire period. A similar level of the results observed in women from T53 and T54 class practicing athletics sprint events. Conclusions: The specificity of the discipline that is the TF (a large number of events with various type of effort) can cause problems in the evaluation of the classification system, which doesn’t take into account the event in which athletes compete.
4
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Zmienność wyników sportowych w pływaniu mężczyzn z niepełnosprawnością narządu ruchu na Igrzyskach Paraolimpijskich w latach 2000 – 2012/ Variability of sports results in men’s with locomotor disabilities swimming during the Paralympic Games in the years 2000 – 2012

63%
Bednarczuk G., Rutkowska I., Skowroński W.
Advances in Rehabilitation
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2015
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vol. 29
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issue 1
45-53
EN
Introduction: Swimming is one of the most popular sports practiced by people with disabilities, and the number of participants during the subsequent Paralympic Games (PG) increases. One way to assess the level of sports in a given discipline is to analyze the sports results of the athletes competing at the highest level. Hence, the purpose of analysis was to compare the results obtained by the athletes with locomotor disability in swimming in the starting class (1-10) on the PG in the years 2000-2012. Material and methods: Were analyzed the results obtained by men with locomotor disability in swimming all styles, on all distances during the PG in 2000-2012. To assess the significance of differences between the results obtained by the swimmers in the analyzed period the Mann-Whitney U test were used. The level of significance was set at p <0.05. Results: We observed statistically significant differences in the level (increase) of obtained results in all classes and styles, on distances played during the next PG. Throughout the 8 and 12 years, almost all differences were statistically significant. This direction of change was most evident in case of athletes from higher start classes (6-10). Conclusions: The results indicate a steady increase in the sports results of men with locomotor disability in swimming. It could be caused by much interest in this form of activity among people with disabilities, especially those with less functional deficit. Attention should be paid to increasing the share of the athletes from low-start classes (1-5).
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