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Chloroquine is a drug with over 60 years of sale clinical use in the treatment of malaria. The multiple mechanisms of chloroquine action have appeared to be useful in the therapy of many miscellaneous disorders well beyond its original antimalarial purposes. This paper is focused on the application of chloroquine for the treatment of malaria, porphyria cutanea tarda, rheumatoid arthritis, palindromic rheumatism and lupus. The possibility of the use of chloroquine in the therapy of other disorders such as diabetes mellitus, AIDS, hyperlipidemia, sarcoidosis, hypercalcemia, and melanoma is reviewed. Mechanisms of action of the drug as well as side effects on metabolism are discussed in view of recent discoveries.
EN
Xylans as compounds of plant lignocellulosics seem to be a very useful feedstock for an effective utilization in biotechnology. This is due to their abundance and renewability as well as the possibility of producing various chemical by-products, fuels, fodder and food products from this source. On the other hand, an enzymatic removal of xylans from cellulosic pulps and coffee extracts by xylanases is very important for the production of high quality paper and coffee. This review article presents new trends in the investigations on plant xylans and their enzymatic hydrolysis by xylanases of different origin. Special attention has been paid to catalytic properties of different enzymes of xylanolytic complex, to their synergistic interactions, and to the mechanisms of their regulation, as well as molecular structure of the genes encoding particular enzymes. Most promising prospects for the practical applications of xylanases are also discussed.
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