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1
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Multifunctional PEG-grafted chitosan copolymer possessing amino and carboxyl (or formyl) groups

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Liu C., Wu Y., Wang X., Hu Z., Luo S.
Open Chemistry
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2010
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vol. 8
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issue 3
576-581
EN
New multifunctional PEG-grafted chitosan copolymers possessing both amino and carboxyl (4) or formyl (5) groups were synthesized by the grafting reaction method between chitosan and heterobifunctional PEG from anionic polymerization of ethylene oxide. Completion of the reactions and characterization of the resulting polymers were demonstrated by 1H NMR, FT-IR and GPC studies. The multifunctional polymers may have potential utility in gene/drug co-delivery or heterogeneous catalysis.
2
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Food, Mechanic and Septic Complications in Patients Enterally Nutritioned in Home Conditions

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Kalita M., Majewska K., Gradowska A., Karwowska K., Ławiński M.
Polish Journal of Surgery
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2015
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vol. 86
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issue 10
466-472
EN
Home enteral nutrition (HEN for short) allows practically normal living for patients who cannot be fed orally but at the same time do not have to stay in hospitals, which is often found to decrease their mental condition, increase of probability of complications and costs of medical treatment. The aim of the study was to analyze the frequency of nutritional, mechanical and septic complications in patients fed enterally in home conditions. Material and methods. The study performed using retrospective analysis of study results and reports from control visits for patients in the period between 2012-2013. 147 patients fed enterally using HEN method participated in the study, including 70 men and 77 women aged 19 to 99 years (average 65 years). The following type of gastrointestinal tract access was used for patients: PEG in 113 (76.5%), feeding jejunostomy - 21 (1.4%), PEG-PEJ - 5 (3.5%), in case of the remaining 8 patients the nasogastric gavage (5.5%) was used. Results. The most common complication were infections (of gastric tract, skin soft tissue in the region of nutritional fistula entry, in three cases the aspiration pneumonia was diagnosed) found in 55 (49.1%) of cases. Mechanical complications were found out in 29 (25.9% of all complications), nutritional complications were present 28 times, which constituted 25% of all complications. Conclusions. In the studied group of patients with an implemented HEN procedure, septic complications were the most common problem. The longest average nutrition time with PEG-PEJ probably results from the effective protection of the patient against aspiration pneumonia.
3
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Nutrition accesses among patients receiving enteral treatment in the home environment

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Sznajder J., Ślefarska-Wasilewska M., Wójcik P.
Polish Journal of Surgery
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2017
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vol. 89(5)
6-11
EN
Enteral feeding in the home environment is connected with creating access to digestive tract, and thanks to that, this kind of treatment is possible. The gold standard in enteral nutrition is PEG, other types of access are: nasogastric tube, gastronomy and jejunostomy. In the article 851 patients who were treated nutritionally in the home environment, in the nutrition clinic, Nutrimed Górny Śląsk, were analyzed. It was described how, in practice, the schedule of nutrition access looks like in the nutrition clinic at a time of qualifying patients to the treatment (PEG 47,35%, gastronomy 18,91%, nasogastric tube 17,39%,jejunostomy 16,33%) and how it changes among patients treated in the nutrition clinic during specific period of time – to the treatment there were qualified patients with at least three-month period of therapy ( second evaluation: PEG 37,01%, gastrostomy 31,13%, nasogastric tube 16,98%, jejunostomy 15,86%). The structure of changes was described, also the routine and the place in what exchanging or changing nutrition access was analyzed. Conclusions: The biggest changes in quantity, among all groups of ill people concerned patients with PEG and gastronomy. In most cases the intervention connected with exchanging access to the digestive tract could be implemented at patient’s home.
4
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Simple hydrothermal synthesis of Fe3O4-PEG nanocomposite

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Junejo Y., Baykal A., Sözeri H.
Open Chemistry
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2013
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vol. 11
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issue 9
1527-1532
EN
Abstract We report a one-step hydrothermal synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated with Polyethyleneglycol (PEG). The formation of the Fe3O4 core and the polymer coating took place simultaneously. Fe3O4/polyethylene glycol (PEG) magnetic nanocomposite with a core-shell structure with a 17±7 nm crystallite size prepared by simple hydrothermal method. VSM ( Vibrating Sample Magnetometer) analysis proved the superparamagnetic character of the nanocomposite. Graphical abstract [...]
5
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Dostępy żywieniowe u pacjentów leczonych dojelitowo w warunkach domowych

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Sznajder J., Ślefarska-Wasilewska M., Wójcik P.
Polish Journal of Surgery
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2017
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vol. 89(5)
6-11
PL
Żywienie dojelitowe w warunkach domowych jest związane z wytworzeniem dostępu do przewodu pokarmowego , dzięki któremu możliwy jest ten rodzaj terapii. Złoty standard w żywieniu dojelitowym to PEG , inne rodzaje dostępu to: zgłębniki, gastrostomia i jejunostomia. W artykule przeanalizowano przypadki 851 pacjentów leczonych żywieniowo w warunkach domowych w poradni leczenia żywieniowego Nutrimed Górny Śląsk. Opisano, jak w praktyce wygląda rozkład dostępów żywieniowych u pacjentów w momencie kwalifikowania ich do leczenia w poradni żywieniowej (PEG – 47,35%, gastrostomia – 18,91%, zgłębnik – 17,39%,jejunostomia – 16,33% ), oraz jak zmienia się on u pacjentów leczonych przez pewien czas w poradni. Do badania zakwalifikowano chorych po co najmniej 3-miesięcznej terapii (druga ocena: PEG – 37,01%, gastrostomia – 31,13%, zgłębnik – 16,98%, jejunostomia – 15,86%). Opisano strukturę zmian, przeanalizowano, w jakim trybie i gdzie odbywała się wymiana lub zamiana dostępu żywieniowego. Wnioski: największe zmiany ilościowe – we wszystkich grupach chorych – dotyczyły pacjentów z PEG i gastrostomią. W większości przypadków można podjąć interwencję związaną z wymianą dostępu do przewodu pokarmowego w domu pacjenta.
6
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Gastrojejunostomy Inserted Through Peg (Peg-J) in Prevention of Aspiration Pneumonia. Clinical Nutrition Complication in Dysphagic Patients

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Ławiński M., Gradowski Ł., Bzikowska A., Goszczyńska A., Jachnis A., Forysiński K.
Polish Journal of Surgery
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2015
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vol. 86
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issue 5
223-229
EN
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is the most commonly used method of access to the gastrointestinal tract in long‑term home enteral nutrition (HEN) in patients with neurogenic deglutition and stenosis of the upper gastrointestinal tract caused by tumour. One of the most common complications of HEN is pneumonia resulting from aspiration of saliva or food. The risk of aspiration and the potential consequent sudden death is further increased by concomitant delayed gastric emptying and gastroesophageal reflux disease. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of changing percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy to a gastrojejunostomy inserted through the PEG (PEG-J) in the prevention of aspiration pneumonia. Materiał and methods. The study involved 158 patients receiving HEN by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG), aged 19 to 90 years. Indications for enteral nutrition in the study subjects included: neurogenic dysphagia - 95 patients (60%), and obstruction of the upper gastrointestinal tract due to cancer - 63 patients (40%). Results. The pulmonary and gastrointestinal complications were observed in 28 patients receiving gastric nutrition through PEG within one to nine months following the start of the feeding. In 20 patients, because of the symptoms of aspiration pneumonia with accompanying gastroesophageal reflux and delayed gastric emptying, PEG was changed to PEG-J as an alternative. There were no reports on food reflux and aspiration pneumonia in patients whose PEG has been replaced by PEG-J. Conclusions. The use of PEG-J appears to prevent the occurrence of aspiration pneumonia in patients receiving home enteral nutrition in the long‑term
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