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Pathogenic fungi as a source of insecticides

100%

Bogus M. I.

Biotechnologia

2000

issue 3

33-46

The potential of fungal pathogens for the control of insect pests has been recognized since the letter part of the 19th century. Lethal infection of insect host involves following steps : (i) attachment of the pathogen to the host surfaces, (ii) penetration of the host cuticle by infection hyphae or germinating conidia, (iii) invasion of host haemocoel and internal organs by fungal hyphae. Host death results from the cumulative effect of mechanical damage and enzymatic digestion of insect tissues, production of mycotoxins and/or nutrient exhaustion by the parasite. Penetration of host cuticles is achieved through a combination of enzymatic and mechanical methods. A number of cuticle degrading enzymes, including proteases, lipases and chitinases, are produced during penetration. Since proteins may account for up to 70% of the cuticle, proteases play a major role in the penetration process. The correlation between pathogenicity and enzyme activity remains unclear. Many entomopathogenic fungi produce toxic metabolites: (1)nonpeptide toxins, (2) linear and cyclic peptide toxins and (3) protein toxins. Some of these compounds have been identified in mycosed insects , but their role in disease development remains unclear. Destruxins, the best known mycotoxins produced by entomopathogenic fungi, inhibit mitochondrial ATPase, secretion of fluid by Malpighian tubules, disturb function of calcium channels what leads to tetanic paralysis as well as suppress host defense. However, the knowledge of the mechanisms of fungal pathogenesis in insects is still fragmentary.

Molecular methods for detection, identification and characterization of Fusarium

80%

Golinska B., Narozna D., Madrzak C. J.

Biotechnologia

2002

issue 3

165-177

Pathogenic fungi of the genus Fusarium form a diverse, cosmopolitan group of species. Their importance is significant due to the fact that they are responsible for numerous storage rots, plant diseases and human and animal disease caused by Fusarium toxic secondary metabolites. By reason of great extent of variability and plasticity of Fusarium easily accomodating to changing environmental condition, this genus comprises of species that remain very challenging for systematics. Since the reliable and simple detection methods are essential to avoid the losses and health risks, molecular biology methos have been recently implemented for the analysis of Fusarium populations. In this paper, we present a review of selected PCR-based techniques applicale for diagnostic and taxonomic purposes. The RAPD analysis, followed by SCAR-PCR and RFLP method to study fungal rDNA are presented. A number of primer sequences useful for the above methods are also listed.

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2 Biotechnologia

1 2002

1 2000

1 Bogus M. I.

1 Golinska B.

1 Madrzak C. J.

1 Narozna D.

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Pathogenic fungi as a source of insecticides

Molecular methods for detection, identification and characterization of Fusarium