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1

Developmental Tendencies of Results in Female Heptathlon in the Olympic Games during the Years 1984-2008

100%

Majchrzak K., Kamrowska-Nowak M., Byzdra K.

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

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2010

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vol. 2

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issue 2

158-163

EN

Background: The aim of this study is to assess a change tendency of the results in heptathlon and in particular events of this discipline.Material/Methods: In the research the authors used results achieved in heptathlon in the Olympic Games during the years 1984-2008. Top 20 female athletes of general standing were taken into consideration. MS Excel 2007 spreadsheet program and a method of document analysis were used to analyse and assess a change tendency.Results: Mean values achieved in particular events showed that the highest results, which were above the average in each Olympic Games, occurred in 1992 and 2008. The levels of all mean values and final results in heptathlon were higher than average values described in the above mentioned years. Mean values did not show developing tendencies in the Olympic Games.A correlation analysis showed that 100 m hurdles, 200 m run and long jump had the biggest influence on the final result in heptathlon.Conclusions: The best results achieved in different events show a high sport level of these results which are close to results in individual competitions.Throwing events demonstrated the highest increasing tendency of results: javelin throw (10.84%) and shot put (8.02%); the smallest changes in the sport level were noticed in sprint events: 200m run (2.94%) and 100m hurdles (3.14%) and in high jump (3.89%).Big events such as the Olympic Games on the whole create favourable conditions for setting the world records, as is confirmed by the example of Jackie Joyner-Kersee with her result 7 291 points in Seoul Olympic Games.

2

Analyzing the Roles of Country Image, Nation Branding, and Public Diplomacy through the Evolution of the Modern Olympic Movement

100%

Dubinsky Y.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

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2019

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vol. 84

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issue 1

27-40

3

Re-uniting Sport and Art: The Potential of Olympic Posters

100%

Hughson J.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

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2010

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vol. 50

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issue 1

60-65

EN

Baron Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the Modern Olympic Games, envisioned the Olympic occasion as being about more than sport. He regarded the underlying idea of the Olympic Games, Olympism, as a ‘cult of humanity’, concerned with the pursuit of excellence in both sport and art. The presentation examines how Olympic posters have been, and may continue to be, used to carry on de Coubertin's ambition for the marriage of sport and art in modern times. A case is made for viewing the Olympic poster as an object with aesthetic worth and thus apart from its instrumental purpose as a ‘promotional vehicle for Olympic Games’. Problematic questions, such as whether or not Olympic posters can be viewed in detachment from the political regimes that effectively endorse them, are addressed in the discussion.

4

The Olympic Games: The Experience of a Lifetime or Simply the Most Important Competition of an Athletic Career?

100%

Jensen R. D., Christiansen A. V., Henriksen K.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

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2014

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vol. 64

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issue 1

41-52

EN

As a multi-sport event that only takes place every four years and is accompanied by intense media coverage, the Olympic Games are often described by athletes as a defining moment in their careers. The objectives of the present study were: 1) to describe differences in expectations of Olympic debutants towards the Olympics and their actual experiences while they were at the Games; and 2) to describe how the athletes negotiate the balance between performing at and enjoying the experience of the Olympic Games. Further, we will discuss the athletes' stories in light of the differences between the goals and expectations of the elite sport system and those of the individual athletes. Data was collected through a qualitative interview study with a pre- and post-Olympic competition design. Using a semi-structured interview guide, we interviewed 14 Danish Olympic debutants about their Olympic goals and expectations within a month preceding their departure for the Olympic Games and about their actual experiences within a month following their return. Condensed narratives from two Olympic debutants represent the spectrum of the athletes' expectations and experiences: one failed in his performance but had a great experience; the other was successful and won a silver medal but was truly unhappy with her experience. The debutants emphasize balancing their desire to perform with a desire for social experiences. They also discussed the challenges posed during preparation and goal setting. Olympic debutants are caught in a very real dilemma between the Olympics as the “most important competition of their athletic careers” and “the Olympics as the experience of a lifetime.” This dilemma is linked to a wide rift between the perspectives and goals of the sport organization and those of the athletes.

5

THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TEAMS IN MEN’S AND WOMEN’S MEDALLISTS AND NON-MEDALLISTS AT THE 1996–2016 OLYMPIC GAMES ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS TOURNAMENT

100%

Atiković A., Kalinski S. D., Petković E., Čuk I.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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2017

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vol. 18

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issue 2

89-97

EN

The aim of this study is to determine the differences between the medallists and non-medallists in male and female artistic gymnastics at the Olympic Games from 1996 to 2016. Basic procedures: Data concerning the athletes were obtained from the “Official documents of the International Olympic Committee” which include the athlete’s date of birth and date of competing. The total number of analysed OG participants in men’s artistic gymnastics amounted to n = 419 and the women’s artistic gymnastics was n = 417. Main findings: With men the t test for small independent samples has determined statistically significant differences between medallists and other competitors in 2000 and 2012. Among women no significant statistical differences have been found in all the mentioned variables. Conclusions: The differences between male medallists and non-medallists are manifested through the age of the competitors: 2.57 years in 2000 and 3.57 years in 2012. Compared to other OG a higher level of homogeneity and smaller age difference is noticeable. In difference to men, women had no similar differences within a period of 20 years. In artistic gymnastics in the last couple of years there is a recurring trend of a late specialisation because with each new scoring Code of Points the conditions demanded from the competitors become harder.

6

“Our ladies” versus “our dominators”: Gender differences and nationalist discourse in the Polish Olympic coverage

88%

Organista N., Mazur Z., Dóczi T.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

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2020

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vol. 87

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issue 1

9-23

7

Prolegomena for Considerations on Western Sport and Spiritualism

75%

Kosiewicz J.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

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2009

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vol. 47

|

issue 1

79-88

EN

Sport activity of achievement-oriented (professional, Olympic, spectacular character) is first of all exposition of rivalry and striving for variously understood sports success (resulting from measurable or discretionary criteria). It refers to winning a competition or taking another expected place as well as to other forms of satisfaction, such as financial gratification or social (political, ethnic, professional) recognition. Spirituality is here neither an aim, nor an expected value - it constitutes rather an additional or redundant quality. A competitor focuses his/her attention first of all on the main aim assumed in planned or current rivalry. Emotional sensations which are experienced by athletes before, during or after competitions testify to mental and emotional stress which accompanies sports combat.It is also difficult to associate spirituality or spiritualism with sport for all - like, for example, that of health-oriented character - sport of the disabled, physical education, sport of playful character or physical recreation. That difficulty results from the fact that neither spiritualism, nor spirituality inspires for physical activity in the abovementioned fields; neither spiritualism, nor spirituality is the outcome of activity in the realm of sport for all.Exceptions are constituted by ancient Olympic Games as well as by some experiences connected with recreational forms of tourism mediated through achievement-oriented sport (also by pre-Columbian Native American societies and Maoris aboriginal population of New Zealand).For example Hellenic Olympic Games were a highly spiritualized form of sports rivalry - including also rivalry in the field of art, and especially in the field of theatre. They were one of numerous forms of religious cult - of worshipping chosen gods from the Olympic pantheon. On the other hand, during mountain hiking and mountain climbing there can appear manifestations of deepened spirituality characteristic for the object of spiritualization of non-religious, quasi-religious or strictly religious qualities.I would like to explain - at the end of this short abstract - that spiritualism (which should not be confused with spiritism) is - generally speaking - first of all a philosophical term assuming, in ontological and axiological sense, that spiritual reality, self-knowledge, consciousness or mental experiences are components of the human being - components of a higher order having priority over matter. They constitute, in the anthropological context, beings of a higher order than the body.Spiritualism according to its popular interpretation means spirituality. Qualities which are ascribed to that notion in particular societies can be determined on the basis of empirically oriented sociological research. They make it possible to determine various ways of interpreting and understanding that notion as well as views or attitudes connected with it.

8

German Gymnastics Association (Deutsche Turnerschaft) in Relation to Sport Movement in Germany before the World War I

75%

Stępiński M.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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2015

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vol. 9

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issue 1

97-103

EN

Modern physical culture was one of the many important processes that have taken over the political, social, and cultural life in Germany in the second half of the 19th century. At the turn of the 19th century in Germany, two big middle-class organizations have been formed to deal with physical activity affairs: the German Gymnastics Association (Deutsche Turnerschaft; the Turnverein) and dynamically-growing English sports. The paper demonstrates the relations between the Turnverein movement and the world of sport in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. The German Gymnastics Association, an organization founded in the 60s of the 19th century, had long-time achievements initiated by the work of Friedrich Ludwig Jahn. Simultaneously, the world of sport in Germany was concentrated on the newly-founded in 1904 German Olympics Committee – primary organization bringing together several various federations of sport disciplines. It was an organization primarily brought into existence to coordinate the debut appearance of the German Empire in the restored by P. Coubertain Olympic Games.

9

Identification of the Mapping Models of the Players Cooperation in Serve Reception in Volleyball

75%

Mazur L.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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2021

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vol. 35

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issue 3

71-85

EN

Introduction: Identifying cooperation in team games is a difficult process to implement. Thanks to the development of methods and techniques of game observation, it is possible to reliably and accurately identify and evaluate the actions of players. The collections of various analyzes are used to create pragmatic game models. There are several types of such models. The paper presents models representing effective cooperation in the game on the example of volleyball. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to identify mapping models of effective cooperation in the game, in the game positioning phase - in the element of receiving-passing the ball (serves). The second goal was to present the differences and similarities between observed teams. Material and methods: The work uses a method called qualitative study of unique cases, the research material consists of the four highest-ranked teams from Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Games. Results: Four different models of cooperation in receiving-passing the ball (serve) were identified. Each of them contains characteristic features visible in the figures. Conclusions: Various models of cooperation have been identified. Each team has a specific model of receiving-passing the ball (serve) due to the spatial flexibility. The models presented in the paper are effective because they show the cooperation of the best teams in the world.

10

Western Sport and Spiritualism

75%

Kosiewicz J.

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issue 1

73-82

EN

Sport activity of achievement-oriented (professional, Olympic, spectacular character) is first of all exposition of rivalry and striving for variously understood sports success (resulting from measurable or discretionary criteria). It refers to winning a competition or taking another expected place as well as to other forms of satisfaction, such as financial gratification or social (political, ethnic, professional) recognition. Spirituality is here neither an aim, nor an expected value - it constitutes rather an additional or redundant quality. A competitor focuses his/her attention first of all on the main aim assumed in planned or current rivalry. Emotional sensations which are experienced by athletes before, during or after competitions testify to mental and emotional stress which accompanies sports combat. It is also difficult to associate spirituality or spiritualism with sport for all - like, for example, that of health-oriented character - sport of the disabled, physical education, sport of playful character or physical recreation. That difficulty results from the fact that neither spiritualism, nor spirituality inspires for physical activity in the abovementioned fields; neither spiritualism, nor spirituality is the outcome of activity in the realm of sport for all. Exceptions are constituted by ancient Olympic Games as well as by some experiences connected with recreational forms of tourism mediated through achievement-oriented sport (also by pre-Columbian Native American societies and Maoris aboriginal population of New Zealand). For example Hellenic Olympic Games were a highly spiritualized form of sports rivalry - including also rivalry in the field of art, and especially in the field of theatre. They were one of numerous forms of religious cult - of worshipping chosen gods from the Olympic pantheon. On the other hand, during mountain hiking and mountain climbing there can appear manifestations of deepened spirituality characteristic for the object of spiritualization of non-religious, quasi-religious or strictly religious qualities. I would like to explain - at the end of this short abstract - that spiritualism (which should not be confused with spiritism) is - generally speaking - first of all a philosophical term assuming, in ontological and axiological sense, that spiritual reality, self-knowledge, consciousness or mental experiences are components of the human being - components of a higher order having priority over matter. They constitute, in the anthropological context, beings of a higher order than the body. Spiritualism according to its popular interpretation means spirituality. Qualities which are ascribed to that notion in particular societies can be determined on the basis of empirically oriented sociological research. They make it possible to determine various ways of interpreting and understanding that notion as well as views or attitudes connected with it.

11

Students of the University of Szczecin as Candidates for the Olympic or Paralympic Games Tokyo 2020

63%

Eider J.

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vol. 26

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issue 2

67-76

EN

Balancing sports practice at the highest world level with university education is a difficult – but feasible – task. An example of such skilful balance are some graduates of the Higher Pedagogical School in Szczecin, University of Szczecin, majoring in Physical Education, who graduated from the university with a successfully defended Master's thesis while being active athletes. The aim of this paper is: to present current students of the Faculty of Physical Culture and Health Promotion of the University of Szczecin (WKFiPZ US) and a graduate of the Institute of Physical Culture of the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the University of Szczecin (IKF WNP US) as potential candidates of various disciplines for the 32nd Summer Olympic or 16th Paralympic Games Tokyo 2020; to show their sports achievements in previous Olympic and Paralympic Games; to present the indicators and qualification rules that the analysed athletes must follow to represent Poland in the Olympic and Paralympic Games Tokyo 2020. The study involved a group of seven athletes, current students of the University of Szczecin, Faculty of Physical Culture and Health Promotion: Patryk Dobek, Michał Gadowski, Marcin Lewandowski, Piotr Lisek, Katarzyna Mądrowska, Paulina Woźniak, Krystian Zalewski and one graduate of the Institute of Physical Culture of the Faculty of Natural Sciences of the University of Szczecin, Anna Harkowska. All of them are members of the national Polish team in their respective sport disciplines. They compete in their respective sports disciplines in which they strive for qualifying standards which guarantee a start in the 32nd Summer Olympic or the 16th Paralympic Games Tokyo 2020. Piotr Lisek has the best chance of winning a medal in Tokyo in pole vault, as well as the following disabled athletes: Anna Harkowska in cycling, Michał Gadowski in rowing, and Paulina Woźniak in swimming. Marcin Lewandowski – a titled European medallist in the 800 m race will probably compete in his fourth Summer Olympics Tokyo 2020 (he participated in 2008, 2012, and 2016) and this time will fight for the best place amongst the finalist in the 1,500 m race.

Refine search results

Developmental Tendencies of Results in Female Heptathlon in the Olympic Games during the Years 1984-2008

Analyzing the Roles of Country Image, Nation Branding, and Public Diplomacy through the Evolution of the Modern Olympic Movement

Re-uniting Sport and Art: The Potential of Olympic Posters

The Olympic Games: The Experience of a Lifetime or Simply the Most Important Competition of an Athletic Career?

THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TEAMS IN MEN’S AND WOMEN’S MEDALLISTS AND NON-MEDALLISTS AT THE 1996–2016 OLYMPIC GAMES ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS TOURNAMENT

“Our ladies” versus “our dominators”: Gender differences and nationalist discourse in the Polish Olympic coverage

Prolegomena for Considerations on Western Sport and Spiritualism

German Gymnastics Association (Deutsche Turnerschaft) in Relation to Sport Movement in Germany before the World War I

Identification of the Mapping Models of the Players Cooperation in Serve Reception in Volleyball

Western Sport and Spiritualism

Students of the University of Szczecin as Candidates for the Olympic or Paralympic Games Tokyo 2020