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Ludwik Hirszfeld Memorial Lecture:HIV-1 reservoirs: major molecular obstacles to viral eradication

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Pomerantz R. J.

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issue 5

297-306

EN

Over the last 18 years of study in one of our laboratories, we have observed the development of residual disease and latent reservoirs as major problems in the long-term therapy of HIV-1-infected individuals on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).It was shown in the early 1990 's that HAART, as it is presently configured, is unlikely to lead to viral eradication due to several mechanisms of viral persistence. The two general mechanisms involved with persistence during HAART include low-level residual, cryptic replication and proviral latently-infected cells. As such, these are key areas of potential study for depletion and, hopefully in the future, eradication of residual disease in patients on suppressive HAART. To deplete these residual disease mechanisms will require multipronged approaches. These will include induction of HIV-1 latent proviruses, suppression of residual viral replication and destruction of long-lived cellular sanctuaries, such astissue-bound macrophages.

2

The immunology of Chlamydia trachomatis

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Zdrodowska-Stefanow B., Ostaszewska-Puchalska I., Puci?o K.

Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis

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2003

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vol. 51

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issue 5

289-294

EN

Chlamydia trachomatis (C. tachomatis) is one of the most common sexually transmitted bacterial agents. What distinguishes it from other organisms is its intracellular reproductive cycle. Up to now, four antigens have been identified in the Chlamydia genus: genus-specific antigen as well as species-specific, type-specific and subspecies-specific. C. trachomatis is a powerful immunogen which stimulates the host?s immunological processes. The intracellular parasitism of the bacteria is the basis for both symptomatic or asymptomatic infection as well as for chronic ones. The primary infection leads to a local inflammatory reaction due to penetration and reproduction of the bacteria in the epithelial cells and to IgA secretory antibody production. In most cases the host?s reaction to the primary infection is transient and does not cause tissue damage. In the course of chronic infection or reinfection, the most important processes are those of delayed hypersensitivity, which lead to a fast and intense immunological reaction of specifically sensitized Th1 lymphocytes. This reaction leads to progressive damage of the epithelial cells and to cicatrization and fibrosis, which means irreversible complications. Interferon gamma is of special importance in the process of C. trachomatis infection. High concentrations of it inhibit the bacteria's reproductive cycle, while lower concentrations promote the development of atypical, non-contagious forms of Chlamydia of diminished metabolic activity and altered antigenicity. The chlamydial heat shock proteins are considered to be of great importance lately. Their molecular weights of 60 and 10 kDa are a powerful stimulant of immunological reactions and show significant homology (40-90%) to human and other bacterial heat shock proteins.

3

Genome organization and function of BHV 1 protein

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Rola J., Zmudzinski J.

Biotechnologia

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1996

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issue 3

53-59

EN

Bivine herpervirus 1 (BHV 1) called also IBR/IPV virus is a member of the Herpersviridae family, Alphaherpersviridae subfsmily.The BHV 1 virus is an important pathogen of cattle, widely spread in the world.It is responsible for various diseases like infractious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV), encephalitis, conjunctivitis, mastitis, enteritis and abortion.Four clinical forms of BHV 1 infections have been confirmed in Poland.THe paper summarized the research review on genome organization and function of the essential BHV 1 protein, BHV 1 genome is composed of a unique long segment UL anda unique short segment Us flanked by inverted repeats IRS and TRS.THe genome codes for 28-35 major envelope proteins among which gB, gC and gD play an important role in virus attachement and penetration into cells.Glycoprotein gD plays a crucial role in the stimulation of immune response and antibodies against gD, neutralizing virus infectivity.

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Ludwik Hirszfeld Memorial Lecture:HIV-1 reservoirs: major molecular obstacles to viral eradication

The immunology of Chlamydia trachomatis

Genome organization and function of BHV 1 protein