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In vitro-evaluation of lipid emulsions as vehicles for the administration of xenon: Interaction with NMDA receptors

100%
Weigt H. U., Georgieff M., Fohr K. J., Adolph O.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2009
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vol. 69
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issue 2
207-216
EN
The noble gas xenon is an antagonist of the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)-type glutamate receptor which may account for the ideal anesthetic profile and potent neuroprotective properties demonstrated even at subanesthetic concentrations. Because lipid emulsions also promote NMDA antagonistic effects they may serve as ideal carriers for xenon. In this in vitro study, we investigated the efficacy of xenon dissolved in various lipid emulsions (Intralipid?, Lipofundin?, ClinOleic? and Abbolipid?) on NMDA-evoked currents in cultured cortical neurons. The NMDA receptor blocking property at a clinically relevant concentration seen in the lipid emulsions tested may contribute to the anesthetic, analgetic and neuroprotective effects of xenon administered by way of these lipid carriers. Abbolipid? may serve as the most acceptable carrier since the NMDA antagonistic effect of xenon was enhanced in combination with this emulsion.
2

Crystal structures of bacterial ion channels reveal molecular basis of ion selectivity

100%
Koprowski P., Furmanek A., Kubalski A.
Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej
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2002
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vol. 56
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issue 3
263-271
EN
The principles of ionic selectivity of the two crystallised bacterial ion channels are described. These channels are: the potassium channel KcsA, whose amino-acid sequence is homologous to the eukaryotic voltage ? dependent potassium channels and the chloride channel EcClC that is a procaryotic member of the ClC family of chloride channels. In conclusion: although the overall molecular architecture of KcsA is different from that of EcClC, the selectivity filters in both cases show similarities. They both utilise helix dipoles organised within the channel molecule in such a fashion to produce electrostatically favourable environment for anions (in the case of EcClC) or cations (in the case of KcsA).
3
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Steroids and ion channels in evolution: from bacteria to synapses and mind. Evolutionary role of steroid regulation of GABA(A) receptors

75%
Majewska M. D.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2007
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vol. 67
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issue 3
219-233
EN
Ion channels are vital components of plasma membranes. This article presents an evolutionary view of the biochemical mechanism of controlling activity of ion channels by rigid lipids, such as steroids or biophysically similar molecules, which were instrumental in formation and control of ion channels in cell membranes at the very origin of life. Such regulatory mechanisms exist in all cellular forms of life from ancient bacteria to humans and participate in a diversity of biological functions, from the most basic, such as maintenance of cell shape, homeostasis, feeding, cell fusion, and reproduction to the most intricate, such as the mind. Learning about the regulation of membrane ion channels by steroids and like molecules is important for understanding the evolution of life and various aspects of cell and organism physiology, for unraveling the mysteries of mind, and for practical purposes such as developing new pharmacotherapies.
4

The Bcl-2 family proteins and calcium signaling in mammalian embryos generated by somatic cell cloning

63%
Samiec M.
Biotechnologia
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2010
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issue 1
66-81
EN
The efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology in mammalian species remains unsatisfactory. One of the main causes of low developmental capability of pre- and peri-implanted somatic cell cloned embryos is the high occurrence of apoptotic cell death, which is prompted by incorrect calcium signaling. The latter is accompanied by upregulation of the members from the Bcl-2 protein family in the blastomeres of SCNT embryos derived from the reconstructed oocytes exposed to artificial activating factors that induce the phenomenon of Ca2+ ion excitotoxicity. Overexpression of antiapoptotic proteins from the Bcl-2 family plays a fundamental role in suppression of different pathways involving intracellular transduction of programmed cell death signal in the somatic cell cloned embryos. Enhancement of Bcl-2 synthesis in the cytoplasm as well as on the outer/cytoplasmic surface of cisterns and tubules of granular endoplasmic reticulum (ERg) and thereby increase in its concentration and activity in the membranes of ER and mitochondria prevents the redistribution of free calcium cations from ER to mitochondria. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the current knowledge on molecular aspects of controlling calcium intracellular homeostasis in mammalian SCNT embryos, in which apoptotic cell death was stimulated by an improper activation of reconstituted oocytes.
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