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1

Inventions in genetic engineering, protection of intellectual property rights and licensing

100%
Twardowska A., Witek R.
Biotechnologia
|
2003
|
issue 2
337-347
EN
Inventions in gentic engineering are of high commercial value only if protected by intellectual property rights (IPR). The legislation system of IPR protection is really very complicated even within Euroepan Union. The basic principles and Euroepean conventions are presented in this paper. On this background the Polish rules are shown.
2

Genetic modification of fruit plants ? directions, successes and obstacles

100%
Korbin M.
Biotechnologia
|
2008
|
issue 2
9-19
EN
Genetically engineered plant products are entering their twelfth year of significant presence on the world's marketplace. Most of them represent major agronomic crops and in spite of the genetic engineering potential for plant improvement, the technology has not been widely exploited in fruit plants. There are three reasons of this situation: economical relations (high cost of the study in comparison with low demand for the products), public opinion concerning 'safe food', and real scientific obstacles such as problems with successful plant transformation or post-transformal regeneration). Despite those facts, studies on transformation of fruit and ornamental species are conducted in many laboratories in the world, and their directions can be summarized as following: a) improvement of pest-resistance (fire blight and scab resistant apple; virus-resistant plum, papaya, citrus pest-resistant data palm, pineapple, almond, passifruit, olive), b) enhanced tolerance to abiotic stress with dehydrin protein genes and by over-expression of antioxidant enzyme (APX or SOD) genes; c) improvement of fruit quality (health-benefits compounds) based on genomics and proteomics. Due to consumers and growers concerns, considerable effort is put into developing a suite of strategies to eliminate non-acceptable genes (marker genes after plant selection by site-specific recombination, homologous, transposition, and original transgene from fruits by the use of GM-rootstocks and non-fruit-specific promoters) and to avoid uncontrolled gene transfer.
3

Labelling of novel food derived from transgenic plants

80%
Laskowska M. D.
Biotechnologia
|
1997
|
issue 3
11-15
EN
The first foods and food ingredients developed through genetic engineering have reached commercialization and more are nearing distribution. Canada and other countries proposed labelling requirements for novel food when health and safety issues were involved. Transgenic plants, like genetically modified microorganisms, are also used in food processing. In Rome, 1994, at the WHO and FAO conference, Canada and 143 member states enacted Codex Alimentarius, the international codex of labelling requirements.
4

Isolation and purification of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) antigens from Escherichia coli bacteria containing HIV genes

80%
Szczepanek A., Plucienniczek A.
Biotechnologia
|
1997
|
issue 2
127-144
EN
Fragments of HIV-1 structural proteins: gp120, gp41, p24, p17 were expressed in E. coli as fusion proteins with N-end fragment of b-galactosidase. To extract the virus fragments from fusion proteins with the use of acid hydrolise, acid-labile bonds Asp-Pro were added at the point of junction. An original method of isolation and purification of inclusion bodies from E. coli cells was developed. The virus peptides obtained were homogeneous on SDS PAGE. These peptides showed no reaction with anti-E. coli antibodies on Western blot test. The level of endotoxin was very low. The obtained virus peptides had strong, antigenic specifity good enough to be used to construct a diagnostic test for the detection of anti-HIV antibodies, that could be used in clinical and scientific research.
5

Biotechnology of the mammary gland - perspectives of genetic engineering of milk proteins

80%
Zwierzchowski L.
Biotechnologia
|
1998
|
issue 2
33-56
EN
In this article, state of art and perspectives in mammary gland biotechnology are reviewed. Recent progress in recombinant DNA technology as well in embryo manipulation and transfer has made the introduction of specific genes into the germline of animals relatively easy. With appropriate genetic constructs, the expression of the inserted genes in transgenic animals can be controlled in a tissue-specific and in a differentiation-specific manner. Thus, it is now possible to consider alteration of the composition of milk produced by lactating animals in a variety of ways. There is a growing list of foreign milk proteins that have been expressed, and one can envisage placing almost any protein gene of interest under the control of promoter of a milk protein gene. Many human proteins of a potential pharmaceutical use may be now produced in the mammary glands of laboratory or farm animals. Modification of milk composition can be extended not only to produce proteins of commercial value but also, by manipulation of key metabolic enzymes, to fat, lactose, and other components of milk. Many alternations in ruminants' milk composition, including 'humanization' of cow's milk, are planned, however, these manipulations must avait the development of totipotent embryonic cell lines (ESC) of farm animals, cells that enable gene manipulation by homologous recombination. In spite of a great progress, many obstacles and difficulties still exist on the way to economical production of human paharmaceuticals in farm 'transgenic bioreactoractors'. These dificulties are discussed in detail.
6

Genetic modification of secondary metabolic pathways

70%
Wysokinska H.
Biotechnologia
|
2000
|
issue 4
48-61
EN
The examples given in this presentation show that the levels of secondary metabolites can be modified by genetic engineering methods. In these methods, the specific genes encoding enzymes involved in key steps of biosynthetic pathway can be transferred and expressed in cell lines, hairy root cultures or transgenic plants of the same or another species. Overexpression of the enzymes may lead to the accumulation of intermediates of pathways and increased synthesis of desirable products. Best results will be obtained when the overproduced enzyme activity is clearly the rate-limiting step in the pathway. Therefore, better knowledge of the limiting steps of the pathways is required. The successful of biosynthetic pathways regulation may also be achieved by expressing antisense RNA which is complementary to the mRNA encoding pathway enzyme or by genetic manipulation of degradative pathways. It should be mentioned that genetic engineering also plays a role in the development of novel plant-derived drugs. As secondary metabolites are important in the defense of plants against pathogens, such engineered plants may show an increase in resistance against pathogens.
7

Methods for isolation, purification and renaturation of recombinant proteins obtained in Escherichia coli bacteria

70%
Szczepanek A., Plucienniczak A.
Biotechnologia
|
1994
|
issue 4
102-125
EN
Escherichia coli is the most useful bacterial species applied to genetic engineering in recombinant proteins production process.The supply of many polipeptides with potential clinical or industrial use is often limited by their low natural availability. Overexpressed polipeptides may either be located in the cytoplasm and periplasm of E.coli or secreted through the cell membrne into the growth medium.Foreign proteins can be expressed in E.coli cells directly or as fusion proteins with prokaryotic sequences. Frequently, the overexpressed proteins acumulate in the bacterial cytoplasm or periplasm in the form of insoluble inclusion bodies.This review considers isolation, purification, solubiliztion and renaturation of recombinant proteins from E.coli, which is still a serious methodological and technical renaturtion.
8

Biohazard and biosafety

70%
Chmiel A.
Biotechnologia
|
1993
|
issue 4
71-81
EN
The development of techniques of DNA recombination in vitro is a basis for the discusion of biohazard and biosafety in laboratory experiments, technological processes and for the environment. After twenty years of experience in this field no hazardous incident was published and therefore we claim that genetic engineering is safe.However, there are different degrees of biohazard in biotechnology depending on the biological agents used, and therefore safety precautions for handling them were developed. The majority of microorganisms used in biotechnology, especially for food production, is harmless.For laboratory work with pathogenes or for their technological applications (e.g. in vaccine production) the techniques of containment are developed and introduced into the praxis. In some cases new technologies eliminate the biorisk in vaccine production: safe genetically engineered instead of pathogenes are utilized.It is necessary to state, that the biosafety problem is discussed mainly from the point of view of human needs.However, the most important question is genetic engineering and biotechnology applications for the military sector.
9

Biodiesel obtained by microbiological methods

70%
Bialecka-Florjanczk., Stolarzewicz I., Kucharski D.
|
EN
Biodiesel ? a fuel for diesel engines ? represents an alternative environment-friendly source of energy obtained from renewable materials. Biodiesel is produced in triacylglycerol transesterification by alcohols such as methanol or ethanol and comprises fatty acid methyl and ethyl esters. For ecological reasons, the enzymatic transesterification is becoming of increasing interest, yet high price of enzymes obstructs its full industrial application. This work presents the latest achievements in biodiesel enzymatic production that refer both to isolated lipases as well as microorganisms that synthesize these enzymes. In the latter case, the work focuses on methods that allow for increasing biocatalyst activity and stability through changes in microorganism culture conditions, their immobilization and application of genetic engineering techniques.
10

Transgenic Indica rice to the benefit of Less Developed Countries: Towards pest-resistance, and accumulation of beta-carotene in the endosperm

61%
Potrykus I., Burkhard P., Futterer J., Klotti A., Wunn J.
Biotechnologia
|
1996
|
issue 1
14-25
EN
We have established gene transfer to IRRI breeding lines to explore the contributions of genetic engineering to sustained and stable production of high quality food.Experiments are in progress on the development of resistance towards Yellow Stem Borer, towards Rice Tungro Virus, towards fungal pests, and towards accumulation of provitamin A in the endosperm. So far we have recovered the first transgenic Indica rice with elevated resistance to sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani) and with 100% resistance against stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas).We have also harvested seed from a series of transgenic rice plants harbouring a number of different transgenic DNA sequences representing different anti tungro virus disease strategies.And we have so far, been able to initiated the beta-carotene pathway in the endosperm to the accumulation of phytogene, hoping, that it will be possible to subsequently complete the pathway towards provitamin A.
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