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vol. 51
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issue 2
493-531
EN
The 6-oxopurine xanthine (Xan, neutral form 2,6-diketopurine) differs from the corresponding 6-oxopurines guanine (Gua) and hypoxanthine (Hyp) in that, at physiological pH, it consists of a ≈ 1:1 equilibrium mixture of the neutral and monoanionic forms, the latter due to ionization of N(3)-H, in striking contrast to dissociation of the N(1)-H in both Gua and Hyp at higher pH. In xanthosine (Xao) and its nucleotides the xanthine ring is predominantly, or exclusively, a similar monoanion at physiological pH. The foregoing has, somewhat surprisingly, been widely overlooked in studies on the properties of these compounds in various enzyme systems and metabolic pathways, including, amongst others, xanthine oxidase, purine phosphoribosyltransferases, IMP dehydrogenases, purine nucleoside phosphorylases, nucleoside hydrolases, the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of caffeine, the development of xanthine nucleotide-directed G proteins, the pharmacological properties of alkylxanthines. We here review the acid/base properties of xanthine, its nucleosides and nucleotides, their N-alkyl derivatives and other analogues, and their relevance to studies on the foregoing. Included also is a survey of the pH-dependent helical forms of polyxanthylic acid, poly(X), its ability to form helical complexes with a broad range of other synthetic homopolynucleotides, the base pairing properties of xanthine in synthetic oligonucleotides, and in damaged DNA, as well as enzymes involved in circumventing the existence of xanthine in natural DNA.
EN
Biogenic amines are very important biologically high- active compounds. Biological eff ect requires their cooperation with membrane receptors, belonging mainly to metabotropic receptors. These receptors activate specifi c type of G proteins, which subsequently take part in intracellular signaling pathways and therefore lead to activation of metabolic and biological processes such as: glycolysis, glyconeogenesis, transcription, translation, contraction of smooth muscle of blood vessels. Knowledge of intracellular signaling and its regulation may be helpful in preparing specifi c therapeutic solutions to pathologies, where biogenic amines play a signifi cant role.
PL
Aminy biogenne stanowią niezwykle ważną grupę związków o wysokiej aktywności biologicznej. Wywołanie efektu biologicznego wymaga współdziałania amin z błonowymi receptorami, w większości należącymi do receptorów metabotropowych. Receptory te uaktywniają określony rodzaj białek G, które z kolei uczestniczą w wewnątrzkomórkowej sygnalizacji prowadząc do pobudzenia zróżnicowanych procesów metabolicznych i biologicznych, m. in: glikolizy, glikogenolizy, transkrypcji, translacji, skurczu mięśni gładkich naczyń krwionośnych. Znajomość sygnalizacji wewnątrzkomórkowej oraz jej regulacji może być pomocna w opracowaniu specyfi cznych rozwiązań terapeutycznych patologii, w których znaczący jest udział amin biogennych.
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