The purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term effects of static stretching, with vibration given directly over Achilles tendon, on electro-myographic (EMG) responses and vertical jump (VJ) performances. Fifteen male, college athletes voluntarily participated in this study (n=15; age: 22±4 years old; body height: 181±10 cm; body mass: 74±11 kg). All stages were completed within 90 minutes for each participant. Tendon vibration bouts lasted 30 seconds at 50 Hz for each volunteer. EMG analysis for peripheral silent period, H-reflex, H-reflex threshold, T-reflex and H/M ratio were completed for each experimental phases. EMG data were obtained from the soleus muscle in response to electro stimulation on the popliteal post tibial nerve. As expected, the dynamic warm-up (DW) increased VJ performances (p=0.004). Increased VJ performances after the DW were not statistically substantiated by the EMG findings. In addition, EMG results did not indicate that either static stretching (SS) or tendon vibration combined with static stretching (TVSS) had any detrimental or facilitation effect on vertical jump performances. In conclusion, using TVSS does not seem to facilitate warm-up effects before explosive performance.
Controlling appetite, perceived hunger, and energy intake are important factors in weight management. This narrative review examines the effect of different forms, intensities and duration of exercise on the appetite-regulating hormones leptin, acylated ghrelin, glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine3-36 (PYY3-36), perceptions of hunger, and energy intake in overweight/obese, and normal weight populations. The studies reviewed compared exercise intensities- low, moderate, and high intensity, and modes of exercise- aerobic and resistance training. The studies selected in this narrative review included participants that ranged in age from 13-57 years old, male and female, previously sedentary and physically active, and normal weight and overweight/obese individuals- defined by body mass index standards (BMI). The primary benefits of exercise on appetite regulation are seen with moderate to high-intensity aerobic exercise; with the most notable relative energy deficit resulting from an exercise bout (at any intensity) that expends the most energy. Further research is warranted to determine if there exists a tendency to overcompensate for energy expended during exercise in certain populations.
Obesity, a disorder of body composition, is defined by a relative or absolute excess of body fat. In general adult population, obesity has been associated with a diverse array of adverse health outcomes, including major causes of death such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, as well as functional impairment from problems such as osteoarthritis and sleep apnea. Ghrelin is a newly discovered peptide hormone which plays an important role in obesity. It is a powerful, endogenous orexigenic peptide and has a crucial function in appetite regulation, as well as short – and long-term energy homeostasis. In the presence of increased obesity, decreased physical activity, and high food consumption, the relationship between exercise, appetite, food intake and ghrelin levels has important implications. In this review, we discuss the effect of acute and chronic exercise performance on appetite, food intake and ghrelin and their relationships.
Although it is accepted that an important correlation exists between the physical exercise and the oxidative stress status, the data regarding the levels of the main oxidative stress markers after physical training have been difficult to interpret and a subject of many controversies. There are also very few studies regarding the effects of short-time exercise on the oxidative stress status modifications. Thus, in the present report we were interested in studying the modifications of some oxidative stress markers (two antioxidant enzymes-superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, a lipid peroxidation parameter - malondyaldehide, the total antioxidant status and protein carbonyl levels), from the serum of rats that were subject to one bout of five minutes exercise on a treadmill, when compared to a control sedentary group. In this way, we observed a decrease of superoxide dismutase specific activity in the rats which performed the exercises. Still, no modifications of glutathione peroxidase specific activity were found between groups. In addition, increased levels of malondyaldehide and protein carbonyls were observed in the rats subjected to exercises. In conclusion, our data provides new evidence regarding the increase of the oxidative stress status, as a result of a 5-minutes bout of treadmill exercising in rats, expressed through a decrease in the SOD specific activity and the total antioxidant status and also an increase of the lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation processes.
Study aim: To assess the prevalence of iron deficiency in competitive male athletes.Material and methods: In total, 90 elite athletes practicing judo, rowing, pentathlon, volleyball, kayaking and biathlon, aged 16-33 years, were studied. Blood morphology indices: haemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell count (RBC), leucocyte count (WBC), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) were determined. The concentrations of ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and iron, as well as total iron binding capacity (TIBC), were determined in serum. Additionally, erythropoietin (EPO) was assayed in subjects with elevated sTfR levels.Results: In no case iron-deficiency anaemia was found, but in 43% of subjects iron deficiency was detected. This included first stage of iron deficiency (iron depletion; ID) in 13% of subjects (ferritin <20 μg/L), and iron-deficient erythropoiesis (IDE) in 30% of subjects (ferritin <16 μg/L and sTfR> 2.75 mg/L). In all subjects with IDE, the concentrations of EPO were within normal range. The haematological indices remained unaffected in iron-depleted subjects, but in iron-deficient erythropoiesis subgroups the mean values of haemoglobin concentration and hematocrit were significantly lower than in subjects with normal iron stores (NIS).Conclusion: Despite the lack of anaemia among studied athletes, the incidence of latent iron deficiencies (iron depletion and iron-deficient erythropoiesis) was very high. The increasing incidence of iron deficiency, together with apparent decreases of haematological indices in subjects with iron-deficient erythropoiesis, markedly augments the risk of anaemia in young, competitive male athletes. Therefore, that category of subjects should be periodically screened for iron deficiency.
The aim of the study is to determine the effects of a multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention (including a short period of physical exercise) on some health-related variables, particularly on blood pressure, in an overweight/obese adult group. The main outcome was blood pressure lowering. The study involved 378 subjects affected by obesity or type 2 diabetes. The intervention included exercise, nutrition and psychological aspects. Before and after the intervention, several anthropometrics, cardiovascular risk related measures (height, body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, body composition and WHTR index) and physical exercise measures (aerobic capacity, flexibility and dynamic muscle strength) were evaluated through fitness tests. We observed a significant reduction in: blood pressure values, body weight, BMI, waist circumference, WHTR, fat mass and an improvement of fat free mass and physical exercise measures. The C.U.R.I.A.Mo. multidisciplinary approach is effective for reducing blood pressure, after relatively few exercise sessions (three weeks), particularly in patients with hypertension. The intervention can ameliorate the health status and physical performance in the short term, in normotensive and hypertensive adult subjects with overweight/obesity.
Introduction Insufficient research exists on the effectiveness of exercise therapy in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), particularly regarding the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcome. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) compared to moderate-intensity combined resistance and aerobic training (RT/AT) on HRQoL in NAFLD patients Material and methods Twenty-three middle-aged obese women with NAFLD were enrolled in 3-month exercise interventions of either HIIT (n1 = 12, 46.3 ± 5 years, 40.5 ± 4.1 kg / m2 ) or moderate-intensity combined RT/AT (n2 = 11, 45.6 ± 4.4 years, 43.5 ± 5.4 kg / m2 ). Secondary hepatic steatosis, liver cirrhosis, or virus C hepatitis were excluded. HIIT was prescribed as 4 sets x 4 min at 80-85 % HRmax with 3 min active recovery. Combined RT/AT was prescribed as 10 min low to moderate cycling exercises followed by 8 resistance exercises at 50-75 % 1-RM. The outcomes were HRQoL, as assessed by the Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire (CLDQ), and the percentage of body weight change ( % ∆BW) Results CLDQ domains were significantly improved in both HIIT & RT/AT groups compared to baselines; the emotional function & worry domains and the total CLDQ score were significantly higher in the HIIT group (p< 0.05)compared to the other group. Body weight was reduced by 13 % & 8 % in HIIT and combined RT/AT groups, respectively, with a significant difference in the % ∆ BW between the two groups in favor of HIIT. Conclusions Both HIIT and moderate-intensity combined RT/AT could be suggested to improve the HRQoL and reduce body weight in middle-aged obese women with NAFLD, however, HIIT could be superior to the combined RT/AT in improving overall HRQoL, especially the emotional aspects, and reducing body weight.
The paper discusses the means in which exercise hormonal data are transformed and expressed as a way to deal with the inherent variability in endocrine measurements. Specifically, the aim of the paper is to present an alterative transformation adjustment method for expressing the exercise responses of hormones, especially those which exhibit a diurnal behaviour in their circulating concentrations. The suggested alterative adjustment method attempts to account for the influence of the "range effect" on diurnal hormonal data and the subsequent effects it may have on statistical, and perhaps physiological, outcomes and data interpretation.
Addiction to drugs is one of the significant problems in many countries. Opium is a kind of drug that its use goes back to many years ago. Dopamine and serotonin are neurotransmitters involved in the process of addiction. As a result, this study aimed to investigate the blood levels of serotonin, dopamine and physical fitness factors in active and inactive men addicted to opium during their rehabilitation period. This study is a descriptive and Causal after the occurrence. A total of 34 men addicted to opium referring to rehabilitation center had been admitted voluntarily as samples were available in the study. According to a questionnaire answered by them, 16 of them did exercise during their rehabilitation period (active group) and 18 of them did not do any physical activity during this period (inactive group). 5 cc of peripheral blood samples were obtained from both groups and were tested their aerobic capacity, muscular endurance, flexibility, body composition, blood pressure and heart rate. Statistical analysis showed that blood levels of serotonin and dopamine in active group were significantly more than inactive group (p<0.05). In addition, the active group compared with the inactive group had low body fat percent, more muscular endurance, more flexibility, and low resting heart rate (p<0.05). According to the findings, we can conclude that low physical activity but as regular walking can affect blood levels of serotonin and dopamine, and health-related fitness factors of addicted men and as a non-drug treatment is helpful.
W niniejszym artykule autorzy dzielą się swoimi doświadczeniami związanymi z pracą z chorymi poddawanymi operacjom kardiochirurgicznym. W szczegółowy sposób przedstawione są stosowane metody postępowania na poszczególnych etapach wczesnej rehabilitacji szpitalnej. Wyróżniono, w ramach fizjoterapii kardiochirurgicznej, dwa główne etapy. Etap I, to przygotowanie przedoperacyjne, etap II – rehabilitacja wczesna, składająca się z dwóch okresów: pierwszego prowadzonego na oddziale intensywnej terapii, oraz drugiego – na oddziale pooperacyjnym. Wraz z opisem stosowanych technik fizjoterapeutycznych wskazano najczęściej występujące problemy, z którymi terapeuta może się spotkać oraz przedstawiono sposoby radzenia sobie z nimi. Zaprezentowano również pewne odmienności w rehabilitacji pooperacyjnej u osób z różnymi rodzajami zabiegów kardiochirurgicznych, tj: zabiegów pomostowania tętnic wieńcowych, plastyki lub wymiany zastawek serca (aortalnej, mitralnej, rzadziej trójdzielnej), transplantacji serca, operacji tętniaków aorty piersiowej i brzusznej, plastyki tętnic szyjnych i korekcji wad wrodzonych serca. W ramach etapu I wskazano znaczenie kompleksowego przygotowania pacjentów przed operacją, podkreślając ważne miejsce edukacji chorego, która gwarantuje lepsze pooperacyjne usprawnianie, szczególnie ważne w trudnych pierwszych dobach po zabiegu. W drugim etapie rehabilitacji zaznaczono potrzebę wspomagania standardowych metod fizjoterapii stosowaniem nowoczesnej aparatury: BIPAP Vision oraz Cough Assist. Zwrócono uwagę na pozytywne efekty włączenia w proces rehabilitacyjny – edukacji, pomiaru jakości życia i tworzenia grup wsparcia dla chorych po operacjach na sercu.
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In this article, authors wish to share their experiences in work with the patients after cardio-thoracic surgery. Consecutive stages of early hospital rehabilitation and applied methods of therapeutic conduct have been described in detail. There are two main stages in cardio-surgical physiotherapy. Stage I – pre-operation preparation, stage II – early rehabilitation consisting of two periods: the first one run in an intensive care unit (ICU), the second one in a surgical unit. Along with the description of physiotherapeutic techniques, the most frequently occurring problems a therapist can face as well as the ways of managing them have been presented. The authors present certain dissimilarities in surgical rehabilitation of persons with different kinds of interventions on heart: CABG, plasty or the exchange of heart valve (aortic, mitral, more seldom tricuspid), the heart transplantation, operations of chest aortic aneurysm and abdominal aortic aneurysm, plasty of cervical arteries and corrective operations of cardiac defects. In the first stage the significance of patient’s complex preparation for the operation highlighting the importance of the patient’s education, which guarantees better postsurgical rehabilitation, is emphasized. In the second stage standard physiotherapeutic methods need to be aided by modern equipment: BIPAP Vision or Cough Assist. It has been observed that education, life quality assessment and support groups for patients after cardio-surgery have positively contibuted to rehabilitation process.
Cel: U pacjentów z chromaniem przestankowym regularnie prowadzony trening marszowy na bieżni prowadzi do wzrostu dystansu marszu. Mechanizm tej poprawy jest wieloczynnikowy a jedną z prawdopodobnych przyczyn może być wzrost przepływu tętniczego w kończynach dolnych. Przedmiotem badań była ocena zmian dystansu marszu oraz przepływu tętniczego w kończynach dolnych podczas treningu marszowego na bieżni u pacjentów z chromaniem przestankowym. Metoda: 80 pacjentów z miażdżycą zarostową kończyn dolnych (II stopień według Fontaine) było randomizowanych do programu treningowego lub do grupy kontrolnej. Pacjenci z grupy badawczej przez okres 3 miesięcy uczestniczyli 3 razy tygodniowo w treningu marszowym. Sesje składały się z wysiłków marszowych powtarzanych 3-krotnie, każdy o dystansie marszu wynoszącym 85% indywidualnie określonego dystansu chromania. Przed rozpoczęciem programu i po jego zakończeniu w obu grupach oceniano dystans pojawienia się chromania oraz zmiany w prędkości przepływu tętniczego w kończynach dolnych (pomiar indeksu pulsacji metodą dopplerowską). Wyniki: Po 12 tygodniach programu w grupie badawczej zaobserwowano wzrost indeksu pulsacji mierzony na tętnicy podkolanowej (43%), piszczelowej tylnej (59%) i grzbietowej stopy (78,8%). W grupie kontrolnej niewielki wzrost (11,4%) odnotowano na tętnicy podkolanowej. Towarzyszyła temu poprawa dystansu pojawienia się chromania – 119,6% w grupie badawczej i 16,9% w grupie kontrolnej. Zmiany były istotne statystycznie (p< 0,05). Wnioski: Wyniki badań wskazują, że trening marszowy prowadzony u pacjentów z chromaniem przestankowym prowadzi do korzystnych zmian przepływu tętniczego w kończynach dolnych w zakresie poprawy jego prędkości oraz znacznej poprawy dystansu marszu pokonywanego bez bólu.
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Background: In patients with intermittent claudication treadmill training improves their walking ability. While the benefits of an exercise rehabilitation programme are recognized, the mechanisms involved are not completely appreciated. The improvement in lower limb blood flow may by one of the mechanisms leading to the increase in walking distance. In the present study arterial blood flow in lower limb as well as walking distance were assessed before and after supervised pain-free treadmill training. Methods: Eighty patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease (stage II according to Fontaine) were randomised into the treadmill program or to the control group. Patients in the exercising group participated for 3 months 3 times a week in supervised treadmill trainings. Each session consisted of 3 cycles, each amounting to 85% of the pain-free walking distance. Changes in arterial blood flow and the onset of claudication pain were assessed in both groups.Results: After 12 weeks of the treadmill training lower limb blood flow in exercising group significantly improved (p<0.05). Painfree walking distance was prolonged by 119,6% in the exercising group and only 16.9% in the control group. Those changes were statistically significant in both groups (p<0.05).Conclusion: The results indicate that exercise training program using intermittent walking to 85% of the onset of claudication pain leads to a significant improvement in lower limb blood velocity and increase in pain-free walking distance.
Wstęp: Przewlekły ból lędźwiowy o podłożu mechanicznym (ang. Long-Term Mechanical Low-Back Pain – LMLBP) stanowi poważne wyzwanie dla lekarzy i badaczy. Niniejsze badanie oceniło wpływ statycznych i dynamicznych wytrzymałościowych ćwiczeń prostownika grzbietu na natężenie bólu, ograniczenie aktywności i partycypacji u chorych z LMLBP leczonych metodą Mc Kenzie (ang. Mc Kenzie Protocol – MP). Materiały i metody: 84 chorych z LMLBP uczestniczyło w kontrolowanym badaniu przeprowadzonym metodą pojedynczej ślepej próby. Metodą randomizacji blokowej chorych przydzielono do jednej z trzech grup: Grupa MP (ang. Mc Kenzie Protocol Group – MPG), grupa MP plus statyczne ćwiczenia wytrzymałościowe prostownika grzbietu (ang. Mc Kenzie Protocol Static Back Endurance Exercise Group – MPSBEEG) oraz grupa MP plus dynamiczne wytrzymałościowe ćwiczenia prostownika grzbietu (ang. Mc Kenzie Protocol Dynamic Back Endurance Exercise Group – MPDBEEG). Terapię stosowano trzy razy w tygodniu przez 8 tygodni a rezultaty mierzono w kategoriach natężenia bólu, ograniczenia aktywności i partycypacji w końcu 4 i 8 tygodnia badań przy pomocy poczwórnej analogowej skali wizualnej (ang. Quadriple Visual Analogue Scale – QVAS), kwestionariusza Rolanda i Morrisa (ang. Roland – Morris Back Pain Questionnaire – RMBPQ) oraz kwestionariusza niepełnosprawności Oswestry (ang. Oswestry Low-back Disability Questionnaire – OLBDQ). Dane analizowano stosując statystykę na poziomie istotności α 0,05. Wyniki: Badania ukończyło 67 uczestników w wieku 38-62 lat w grupach MP, MPSBEE i MPDBEE liczących odpowiednio 25, 22 i 20 chorych. Grupy były porównywalne pod względem wieku, cech fizycznych oraz podstawowych wskaźników oceny wyniku interwencji (p>0,05). Porównanie wewnątrz grup na przestrzeni trzech punktów czasowych badania ujawniło znaczący wpływ różnych metod leczenia na wszystkie wskaźniki oceny wyników (p <0,05). Nie było istotnych różnic w średnich punktowych ocenach zmian przy użyciu QVAS (p=0,579) i OLBDQ (p=0,755) w grupach odpowiednio w 4 i 8 tygodniu. Analiza post-hoc wykazała wyższą średnią zmianę w RMBPQ (p=0,001) w grupie MPDEE tylko w 4 tygodniu. Wniosek: Metoda McKenzie, także z dodatkiem statycznych lub dynamicznych ćwiczeń wytrzymałościowych prostownika grzbietu jest skuteczna w redukowaniu bólu i niepełnosprawności chorych z przewlekłym mechanicznym bólem lędźwiowym. Czterotygodniowa terapia metodą Mc Kenzie połączona ze stosowaniem dynamicznych ćwiczeń wytrzymałościowych prostownika grzbietu okazała się skuteczniejsza w zmniejszeniu ograniczenia partycypacji.
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Introduction: Long-Term Mechanical Low-Back Pain (LMLBP) constitutes a serious challenge to clinicians and researchers. This study evaluated the effect of static and dynamic back extensor muscles endurance exercise on pain intensity, activity limitation and participation restriction in patients with LMLBP treated with the McKenzie Protocol (MP).Materials and Methods: Eighty four patients with LMLBP participated in this single-blind controlled trial. The participants were assigned to one of three groups; the MP Group (MPG), MP plus Static Back Endurance Exercise Group (MPSBEEG) and MP plus Dynamic Endurance Exercise Group (MPDBEEG) using permuted randomized block. Treatment was applied thrice weekly for 8 weeks and outcomes were measured in terms of pain intensity, activity limitation and participation restriction at the end of 4th and 8th week of study using Quadriple Visual Analogue Scale (QVAS), Roland – Morris Back Pain Questionnaire (RMBPQ), and Oswestry Low-back Disability Questionnaire (OLBDQ). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics at 0.05 alpha level. Results: Sixty seven participants whose ages ranged between 38 and 62 years completed the study comprising of 25, 22 and 20 in MPG, MPSBEEG and MPDBEEG respectively. The groups were comparable in age, physical characteristics and baseline outcome measures (p>0,05). Within-group comparison across the three time-points of the study revealed that the different treatment regimens had significant effects on all the outcome measures (p<0,05). There were no significant differences in the mean change scores on QVAS (p=0,579) and OLBDQ (p=0,755) at across the groups at week 4 and 8 respectively. Post-hoc analysis showed that MPDEEG had higher mean change in RMBPQ (p=0,001) at week 4 only.Conclusion: McKenzie protocol as well as the addition of static or dynamic back extensors endurance exercises are effective in reducing pain and disability in patients with long-term mechanical low-back pain. However, four weeks of McKenzie protocol plus dynamic back extensors endurance exercise resulted in better decrease in participation restriction.
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