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1

Ethylene and plant defense response

100%
Handschuh L.
Biotechnologia
|
1999
|
issue 3
86-93
EN
The simplest plant growth and development hormone, ethylene, belongs (together with S.A. and JA) to key molecules governing the plant defense response. Production of ethylene is stimulated by wounding, flooding, metal ions, senescense and abscission processes, pathogene attack and ethylene itself. High level of ethylene induces the expression of many classes of pathogenesis-related proteins (PR). In order to properly function, ethylene must be precisely regulated, especially at the biosynthesis and signalling pathways. Two main enzymes involved in ethylene biosynthesis are ACC synthase and ACC oxidase. The ethylene signal transduction pathway is very complicated and needs to be further investigated. Ethylene binds to its receptors ETRs, then the signal is transduced to CTR1 and through phosforylating kinases cascades to EINs and EREBPs, directly binding to DNA GCC boxes. As a consequence, many PR proteins are activated.
2

Ethylene and bacteria

100%
Kepczynska E., Zielinska S., Kepczynski J.
Biotechnologia
|
2000
|
issue 1
147-155
EN
The review article presents data on the ethylene emanation by bacteria, the two different pathways of its biosynthesis in these microorganisms and the role of ethylene in plant pathogenesis. ACC deaminase from Pseudomonas and Enterobacter spp., which catalyses the hydrolytic cleavage of ACC in higher plants was also discussed.
3

Manipulating the availibity of the ethylene receptors-consequences for in vivo and in vitro in plant development

100%
Kepczynski J.
Biotechnologia
|
2006
|
issue 4
36-48
EN
Plant hormone ethylene is involved in the regulation of many physiological processes. Response of plant tissue to ethylene requires binding of ethylene to its receptor, probably containing metal, perhaps cupper. Manipulation of ethylene perception allows to modulate physiological processes in order to know the role of ethylene and also to commercially control some processes. There are many compounds which interact with the ethylene receptor. Some compounds bind reversibly eg. 2,5-norbornadiene and some unreversibly eg. cyclopropenes bind to ethylene receptor. Cyclopropenes and 1-MCP are very effective blocking agents for ethylene receptor. Its application at low concentration, 0.5 nl, for 24 hours protects carnations and bananas from the effects of ethylene for ca. 12 days. 1-MCP is commonly used in studies and was registered to be used in a number of horticultural products in several countries. The effect of 1-MCP on in vivo seed germination, seedlings growth, flower senescence and fruit ripening as well as in vitro shoot formation, rhizogenesis and somatic embryogenesis are discussed.
4

Interference in ethylene biosynthetic pathway using transformation

88%
Kepczynski J., Kepczynska E.
Biotechnologia
|
2000
|
issue 2
72-82
EN
The biosynthesis of ethylene in plants and its regulation by manipulating the expression of ACC synthase or ACC oxidase genes are discussed. Ethylene synthesis can be reduced by the introduction of antisense ACC synthase or antisense ACC oxidase genes. Expression genes of SAM hydrolase from bacteriofage T3, which catalyze the conversion of SAM to methylothioadenosine, also diminished ACC availability. Another possibility of ethylene biosynthesis control is the expression of gene encoding ACC deaminase from Pseudomonas.
5

In vitro germination and conversion of somatic embryos

63%
Kepczynska E.
Biotechnologia
|
2006
|
issue 4
78-94
EN
Somatic embryogenesis (SE), resembling zygotic embryogenesis, is a very efficient and fast method of vegetative plant propagation. Somatic embryos, the final products of this process, are immediately or after drying and/ or encapsulation used as artificial seeds. SE efficiency is not only dependent on the quantity, but also on quality of somatic embryos. Although SE has been recorded for species across many genera and from a variety of plant tissues, regeneration of plants from somatic embryos is often a significant problem for some plant species. Many efforts have been made to obtain higher levels of germination and conversion of somatic embryos to plants. This review will focus on the present knowledge about enhancing the vigor of somatic embryos with special attention paid to the effect of plant hormones (gibberellins, ethylene, abscisic acid), germination and conversion of somatic embryos and their influence on the storage reserves content (starch, oligosaccharides), their hydrolytic products (raffinose, sucrose, glucose), and on the activity of hydrolytic enzymes (alpha-amylase).
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