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1

CD28 costimulatory molecule - expression, structure and function

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Bocko D., Kosmaczewska A., Ciszak L., Teodorowska R., Frydecka I.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2002
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vol. 50
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issue 3
169-178
EN
T cell activation is a key event triggering an antigen specific immune response of the organism. The process is induced primarily by signal generated by direct interaction of T cell receptor (TCR) with antigen bound to major histocompatibile complex (MHC) on antigen presenting cell (APC). Although the signal is critical to excite immune response, however additional, costimulating signal is required. The major second signal is generated by interaction of CD28 molecule expressed on most T lymphocytes with its natural ligands CD80 and CD86 located on APCs. Signal excited by CD28 triggering involves multiple second messenger cascades, leading to activation of transcription factors and finally results in cell proliferation, cytokine production, and generation of effector function. The importance of CD28-delivered costimulatory signals was proven in experiments with CD28-deficient mice. T cells from these mice exhibit, impaired pattern of cytokine secretion, defects in T cell dependent antibody production. Certain forms of immunopathology might result from the aberrant regulation of CD28 expression.
2

Effective tumor immunotherapy: start the engine, release the brakes, step on the gas, ...and get ready to face autoimmunity

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Tirapu I., Mazzolini G., Rodriguez-Calvillo M., Arina A., Palencia B., Gabari I., Melero I.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2002
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vol. 50
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issue 1
13-18
EN
Cellular immune responses can destroy cancer cells, achieving the cure of experimental malignancies. An expanding wealth of knowledge on the molecular basis of how to prime and amplify a T cell response has fueled a number of strategies successful at treating established tumors (rather than merely preventing tumor grafting). The most efficacious approaches operate at different stages, including: 1) priming the immune response using tumor antigen-expressing dendritic cells or tumor cells transfected with genes that render them immunogenic, 2) sustaining and amplifying immunity using agonistic monoclonal antibodies against costimulatory molecules or immune-potentiating cytokines, and 3) eliminating mechanisms that self-regulate the strength of the immune response, such as inhibitory receptors or regulatory T cells. A rational combination of such approaches holds great hope for cumulative and synergistic effects, but there is also evidence that they can open the flood-gates for unwanted inflammatory reactions. The next decade can be envisioned as the time when the first reproducibly efficacious combination regimes for cancer immunotherapy will become available and widely used in the clinic, as clinicians learn the best strategies and try to harness their potentially damaging effects.
3

Modulation of auxiliary signals to T cells as a mechanism to induce transplant tolerance

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Gorczynski R. M.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2005
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vol. 53
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issue 2
91-101
EN
Advances in the treatment of transplant rejection, autoimmune disease, allergy, and other conditions of altered immunoregulation have come from our improved knowledge of the multi-faceted nature of lymphocyte activation, incorporating not merely antigen triggering of specific receptors, but a myriad of other accessory signals, all operating within a defined environmental (cytokine) milieu. The review below focuses on just one aspect of this, the ability to manipulate costimulatory signals, or regulatory signals, as a means to induce long-standing immune suppression. Emphasis is placed on the dominant suppression mediated following activation of any one of a number of regulatory signals as a potentially more rational approach to clinical therapy, as the redundancy in costimulatory signals suggests that blockade of any one of these may be unlikely to produce permanent unresponsiveness. The role of regulatory T cells, induced following antigen presentation in the presence of immunoregulatory signals, is also discussed.
4

The social life of NK cells

100%
Martin-Fontecha A., Carbone E.
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis
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2001
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vol. 49
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issue 1 suppl.
33-40
EN
Natural killer (NK) cells represent a distinct population of lymphocytes that was originally identified by its ability to kill transformed cell lines in vitro. It is now clear that these cells also play an important role in the innate immune response against a variety of pathogens, such as virus, bacteria and parasites. In the past few years, different protocols have been developed to activate NK cells ex vivo, allowing a detailed molecular analysis of the interaction of these cells with their cellular targets. NK activity is regulated by signals generated by both inhibitory and stimulatory receptors expressed by target cells. Indeed, recent results indicate that, while major histocompatibility complex class I molecules (MHC-I) expressed on target cells inhibit NK lytic activity by engaging surface inhibitory receptors, costimulatory molecules such as B7-1, B7-2 and CD40, are able to actively trigger NK activity. This review discusses the most recent findings on the role of costimulation on NK activation and forsees the possible consequences of the interaction between NK cells and dendritic cells (DC) on the development of an adaptive immune response.
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