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EN
Accidental displacements of the wisdom teeth of the upper jaw to various anatomical regions are rare. We systematically searched the literature on this issue using PubMed and DOAJ. There is no freely available illustration for the accidental displacement pathways of the upper wisdom teeth imaged by CT scan or by CBCT apart from displacement towards the infra-temporal, and the pterygopalatine fossa. We describe and illustrate by CBCT a unique case in the medical literature of accidental displacement of the wisdom tooth germ of the upper jaw into the anterior jugal space. The potential reasons, consequences and ways to prevent this rare complication of wisdom tooth extraction are also explained.
FR
Les déplacements accidentels des dents de sagesse du maxillaire supérieur dans divers régions anatomiques sont rares. Nous avons effectué la recherche de littérature sur ce sujet de manière systématique en utilisant PubMed et DOAJ. Il n’existe pas d’illustration accessible gratuitement pour les voies de déplacements accidentels des dents de sagesse supérieurs imagées par le CT scan ou par le CBCT à part le déplacement vers la fosse infra-temporale et vers la fosse ptérygopalatine. Nous décrivons et illustrons par CBCT un cas unique dans la littérature médicale de déplacement accidentel du germe de la dent de sagesse du maxillaire supérieur dans l’espace jugal antérieur. Les raisons potentielles, les conséquences ainsi que les moyens de prévention de cette rare complication d’extraction de dents de sagesse sont aussi expliquées.
EN
Objective: The aims of this systematic review of the literature were to investigate the uses of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in pediatric dentistry and, if possible, identify the indications. Material and methods: A literature search was conducted using the PubMed and Scopus electronic databases and the keywords "CBCT and pediatric dentistry". This search provided us with 1518 references. The selected publications were all clinical articles written in French or English and referring to a pediatric population. After screening, 461 eligible full text articles remained. Results: In total, there were 169 references that met the inclusion criteria. Different topics, mainly relating to orthodontics, anatomy, and cleft lips and palate, were discussed. There was large variability in the information concerning the technical parameters. The radiographic protocols that we analyzed showed a large heterogeneity. Conclusions: The level of evidence provided by our work is limited because only two randomized double-blind controlled studies are included. Two indications can be distinguished: for orthodontics and for the rehabilitation of cleft lips and palate. There are a multitude of radiographic protocols. More research is needed to identify other potential clinical indications as well as to determine a standard CBCT protocol for children and adolescents.
EN
Objective: to investigate the accessibility of open access article on anatomical variations described on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) using PubMed database. We wanted to investigate how many journals are sharing articles without pay-wall and how many are sharing articles without author publication charges. Material and methods: a search equation was designed with exclusion criteria limiting the search in PubMed to articles published in English and French. The search was performed by one observer. We had found 2228 articles; among them 709 were accessible as ‘full text’. After applying exclusion criteria and after full text reading only 50 articles remained for the review. Results: the 50 selected articles shared 306 annotated (visual marking, explanation like arrows) and 432 not annotated figures with the public. The 76% of articles were single studies on one specific topic. The main topic was endodontics with 22 articles. 28 journals from all continents participated in the effort of sharing of figures on anatomical variations from CBCT. However, only 2 journals were completely free of charges for authors and readers. Conclusions: we have found only 15 annotated and 3 not annotated figures in 2 articles published in 2 different open access journals (without reader pay-wall and without author publication charges). Sharing the knowledge on anatomical variations from dentomaxillofacial CBCT represents an exception in dental literature.  
FR
Objectifs de travail: Evaluer la région dento-alvéolaire chez un patient pédiatrique atteint d'un très rare syndrome de Carpenter ou d'acrocéphalopolysyndactylie de type II à l'aide de la tomodensitométrie volumique à faisceau conique (CBCT). Cas clinique: Nous avons retrouvé une oligodontie syndromique, une transmigration canine supérieure et une agénésie exceptionnelle des quatre incisives latérales. Nous avons également décrit le quatrième cas dans la littérature d'une seule incisive inférieure solitaire sur la ligne médiane, et le premier cas jamais illustré sur CBCT. Conclusions: Nous avons proposé et illustré l'utilisation du système de numérotation progressive des dents sur des vues axiales CBCT pour mieux comprendre les situations cliniques dentaires complexes telles que l'oligodontie syndromique.
EN
Objective: To describe dentoalveolar findings in one pediatric patient with a very rare Carpenter syndrome or acrocephalopolysyndactyly type II, and using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Case report: We found a syndromic oligodontia, upper canine transmigration, and an exceptional agenesis of four lateral incisors. We also described the fourth case in the literature of a single solitary lower incisor on the midline, and the first case ever illustrated on CBCT. Conclusions: We proposed and illustrated the use of the system of progressive numbering of teeth on CBCT axial views to better understand complex dental clinical situations such as syndromic oligodontia.
EN
Objective: Pediatric facial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are rare but can cause potentially fatal hemorrhages during dental procedures and oral surgery. In this article we present a systematic review of the medical open access literature on pediatric facial AVM. Case report: We illustrate our purpose with clinical dental use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in pediatric embolized facial AVM to define the presence and the position of the right upper impacted canine. Conclusions: We advocate the use of CBCT as additional imaging tool in the follow-up of pediatric dentomaxillofacial AVM, and for depiction of dentoalveolar structures that are inaccessible by conventional dental radiography.
EN
Objective: To investigate the participation of citizens-dental private practitioner in scientific articles about anatomical variations on dentomaxillofacial CBCT. Our null hypothesis was that private practice practitioners are not involved in publications on anatomical variations using cone beam computed tomography. Material and methods: This study was performed from home without access to our university library. Only PubMed database was used to perform our study. We found 384 articles published among 1830 articles corresponding to our inclusion/exclusion criteria. For each selected article we searched for affiliation of all of the authors (university, private dental practice, students, other). We applied a co-creation approach to involve colleagues from private practice in analyzing results of this study. Results: A large majority of authors have university affiliation (96.5%). Only 3% of authors come from private practice. Most of articles belong to the group of 7 emergent economies (E7), and from Asia. 47.9% of 96 journals published only one article on anatomical variations discovered on CBCT. The higher number of articles (18.75%) were published by journals related to endodontics. The 84% of articles were dispersed among a vast span of general and specific dental, and maxillofacial journals. The 68.4% of articles on variations in CBCT were available in closed access and 31.6% of articles were available in open access. Only 6.7% of articles were published in open access without author publication charges (APC). The 31.6% of authors with university affiliation choose open access for their article. 7.8% of authors from private practice were involved in publishing in closed access journals and 2.34% in open access journals. Only 3 articles (0.78%) were published by authors affiliated to private practice without involvement of university authors. 2.6% of articles involved students as co-authors. Authors with other affiliation were involved only in one closed access publication. For the step of co-creation none of 183 private practitioners, and 3/33 (9%) university-affiliated members of Nemesis Facebook group actively participated in analyzing the results of this study. Conclusions: the null hypothesis was accepted: dentists from private practice are exceptionally involved in publications on anatomical variations using CBCT in dentomaxillofacial area.
EN
Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging is useful in various clinical situations including assessing dental morphology prior to endodontic treatment, locating tooth perforations, separated endodontic files, and resorptions. The aim of this paper was to present the usefulness of CBCT in endodontic treatment planning, through the review of two complicated endodontic cases. Two cases of failed endodontic treatment were presented in which CBCT allowed for correct diagnosis, as well as endodontic treatment qualification and planning. CBCT is especially useful when assessing endodontic treatment complications such as overextended root canal obturation material, separated endodontic instruments, and/or localization of perforations. Having the pros of CBCT in mind, one always has to weigh the added diagnostic value of CBCT with the economic cost of the tool employed, in order to make the best informed decision regarding accurate diagnosis and treatment.
EN
Objective: Firstly, this review aims to analyse the recent literature about three-dimensional (3D) diagnostic imaging in complex and compound odontomas and compare it to two-dimensional (2D) imaging. Panoramic radiographs help to evaluate the vertical position of odontomas, and occlusal radiographs are used to evaluate the proximity to adjacent teeth. However, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) can offer volumetric images, and therefore, a more accurate three-dimensional analysis. Secondly, this research aims to construct an open classification matrix for complex and compound odontomas for dentomaxillofacial CBCT radiology protocols based on a systematic literature review. Material and methods: Two systematic literature searches were conducted in PubMed (Medline), on 2 February 2022 concerning classification systems, and on 5 February 2022 concerning CBCT images. Results: In total, these searches revealed 391 papers by reviewing the databases mentioned above. Six articles were selected for inclusion on classification of odontomas and 13 articles were found on CBCT imaging. Consequently, the construction of an open classification matrix for compound and complex odontomas for dentomaxillofacial CBCT radiology protocols was performed using these 19 articles. Conclusions: CBCT offers a more precise position and accurate diagnosis of complex and compound odontomas compared to 2D imaging. Consequently, it enhances the detailed view of the site (multiple or unique), location (intraosseous, partially or completely extragnathic), size, extension (bony expansion, thinning or perforation cortical bone), density and type (denticulo type, particle type, denticulo-particle type, denticulo-amorphous type, amorphous tissue), relationship (with the crown or root of the definitive tooth), adjacent teeth resorption (deciduous or definitive), adjacent teeth (retention or impaction), and distance with adjacent structures (inferior alveolar nerve, sinus maxillaris), as well as adequate surgical planning. Moreover, this research presents an open classification matrix for the most complete description of compound and complex odontomas when analysing CBCT imaging.  
EN
Objective: to know how much open access/open knowledge reference figures were available on motion artifacts in CBCT dentomaxillofacial imaging, and to describe and to categorize clinical variation of motion artifacts related to diverse types of head motion retrospectively observed during CBCT scanning time. Material and methods: a search equation was performed on Pubmed database. We found 56 articles. The 45 articles were out of scope, and 7 articles were excluded after applying exclusion and inclusion criteria. Only 4 articles were finally freely accessible and selected for this review. Moreover, we retrospectively used our department CBCT database to search examinations with motion artifacts. We also checked retrospectively for radiological protocols as the type of motion artifact was described when occurred during the CBCT scanning time by the main observer. We had obtained the approval from the Ethical committee for this study. Results: The accessibility of free figures on motion artifact in dentomaxillofacial CBCT is limited to 13 figures not annotated, and to one annotated figure presenting a double contour around cortex of bony orbits. We proposed to categorize the motion artifacts into three levels: low, intermediary, and major. Each level was related to: 1) progressive image quality degradation, 2) distortion of anatomy, and 3) potential possibility of performing clinical diagnosis. All 45 figures were annotated. Conclusions: There exists a scarce open access literature on motion artifacts in CBCT. In our pictorial review we found that low level motion artifacts were more related to head rotation in axial plane (rolling). Rolling and lateral translation were responsible of intermediary level motion artifacts. Major level motion artifacts were created by complex motion with multiple rotation axes, multiple translation directions, and by anteroposterior translation. The main limitation of this study is related to retrospectively report empirical observation of patient motion during CBCT scanning and to compare these observations with motion artifacts found on clinical images. More robust methodology should be further developed using a virtual simulation of various types of head movements and associated parameters to consolidate the open knowledge on motion artifacts in dentomaxillofacial CBCT.  
PL
Defekt Stafnego (Stafne's bone cavity - SBC) jest rzadko spotykany w radiografii pantomograficznej i stożkowej tomografii komputerowej. Dokonaliśmy systematycznego przeglądu literatury otwartego dostępu PubMed i DOAJ. Zaproponowaliśmy również nową metodologię polegającą na współpracy z prywatnymi praktykami, zastosowanie metody partycypacyjnego podejścia naukowego i praktyki otwartej nauki oraz wykorzystanie narzędzia mediów społecznościowych do uzyskania i opisania siedmiu różnych przypadków SBC. Proponujemy nową tabelę macierzową do klasyfikacji anatomicznych typów SBC już opisanych i tych, które jeszcze nie zostały opisane w ogólnodostępnej literaturze.
EN
Stafne bone cavity (SBC) is a rare entity to find on panoramic radiography and on cone beam computed tomography. We reviewed in a systematic way the open-access literature from PubMed and DOAJ. We also proposed a new methodology consisting of collaboration with private practitioners, application of participative science approach, and open science practices, and using social media tool to obtain and describe seven different cases of SBC. We finally propose a new matrix table for classification of anatomical types of SBC already described and those yet to be described in open-access literature.
EN
Objective: to explain the meaning and to illustrate technical artifacts (aliasing as well as the ring artifact) and beam hardening (metal artifact) that can be present in the dentomaxillofacial cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), and to check the accessibility of free illustrations of these artifacts in medical publications. Material and methods: One observer applied five search equations using database PubMed. The exclusion criteria were: experimental studies, animal studies, studies not related to dentomaxillofacial area, and articles with closed access. There was no time limit for the search of articles. We limited our search to English and French language. Results: Only 3 articles out of 434 publications were retained after application of inclusion/exclusion criteria. In these articles only 4 annotated figures were freely accessible in medical publications from PubMed. In this paper we presented examples of aliasing, ring artifact, and beam artifacts from I-CAT, Carestream 9000 3D (Kodak), and Planmeca Promax 3D Mid CBCT. The intensity of beam hardening artifact varies from major degradation of image (i.e., subperiosteal implants, bridges, crowns, dental implants, and orthodontic fix appliances), through mean degradation (screws securing titanium mesh, head of mini-implant) to no beam hardening on metallic devices (orthodontic anchorage, orthodontic contention wire) or on dense objects (endodontic treatments, impression materials, Lego box). Some beam hardening artifacts arising from nasal piercing, hairs, or hearing aid device may be present on the image but they will not disturb the evaluation of the field of view. Conclusions: reduction of aliasing artifact is related with the improvement of detectors quality. The presence of ring artifact means that CBCT device has lost its calibration. The field of view (FOV) needs to be reduce in order to avoid scanning regions susceptible to beam hardening (e.g., metallic restorations, dental implants). Finally, the accessibility to open knowledge on technique -related CBCT artifacts seems extremely limited when searching at PubMed database.
EN
This illustrated article is reviewing currently accepted and recommended indications for use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in orthodontics. We present CBCT of teeth anomalies, impacted canines, supernumerary teeth, troubles of teeth eruption, and external roots resorption related to orthodontic teeth movements. The CBCT should be justified for each patient, and should present added value for diagnostic and/or for treatment planning. The orthodontist needs to interpret and is responsible for all of the field of view.
FR
Cette revue illustrée porte sur les principales indications actuellement recommandées dans la littérature d’utilisation du cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) en orthodontie. Il s’agit des anomalies dentaires, des canines incluses, des dents surnuméraires, des troubles de l’éruption et des résorptions radiculaires externes liées aux traitements orthodontiques. L’examen CBCT doit être justifié individuellement, au cas par cas, et de pouvoir apporter un bénéfice au patient en terme de diagnostic et/ou de traitement orthodontique. L’orthodontiste prescripteur doit être capable d’interpréter et est responsable de l’interprétation de tout ce qui est visible sur l’ensemble du champs de vue du CBCT.
UK
Мета: скласти описову класифікацію надкомплектних зубів (НКЗ) в ділянці премолярів та молярів для використання в описі конусно-променевих комп’ютерних томограм (КПКТ). Метою також є поширення значної кількості зображень КПКТ за моделлю відкритого доступу. Матеріали та методи: Для складання огляду ми провели пошук безкоштовних для перегляду повних статей на PubMed з інформацією про: 1)  КПКТ НКЗ у ділянці премолярів та молярів; 2) Ускладнення, пов’язані з наявністю НКЗ в ділянці молярів та премолярів. До огляду також були додані класифікації НКЗ в ділянці премолярів і молярів, представлені у інших дослідженнях. Результати: Нами було знайдено 29 клінічних випадків НКЗ, які ми проілюстрували 84-ма малюнками. Ми розділили наш ілюстративний огляд на: 1) Однобічні НКЗ на нижній щелепі; 2) Однобічні НКЗ на верхній щелепі; 3) Однобічні мікродонтичні НКЗ; 4) Двобічні НКЗ; 5) НКЗ з додатковими особливостями; 6) Випадки значної гіпердонтії. Висновки: Створено класифікаційну матрицю для НКЗ в ділянці премолярів і молярів з 11 дескрипторами та 50 блоками. Дескрипторами були: 1) розташування коронки НКЗ в аксіальній проєкції, 2) вертикальне розташування вершини горбка у відношенні до найближчого прорізаного зуба в корональній проєкції, 3) форма, 4) розподіл, 5) положення (у відношенні до положення нормально прорізаного зуба) в сагітальній проєкції, 6) Стан прорізування НКЗ в сагітальній проєкції, 7) Розмір фолікула в сагітальній проєкції, 8) Зовнішня резорбція коренів сусідніх зубів, спричинена НКЗ та його розташуванням у відношенні до довгої осі ураженого зуба, 9) внутрішня резорбція НКЗ, 10) ускладнення у сусідніх зубах, спричинені наявністю НКЗ, 11) ушкодження навколишніх анатомічних структур внаслідок видалення НКЗ. Малюнками з літератури, що знаходилася у відкритому доступі, було проілюстровано 11 блоків. У нашому ілюстративному огляді нам вдалося проілюструвати 45 з 50 блоків, і надати читачам вільний доступ до більш повного опису КПКТ НКЗ в ділянці премолярів та молярів, ніж у раніше опублікованих дослідженнях.
EN
Objective: to build a descriptive classification of premolar and molar supernumerary teeth (ST) when preparing the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) report. The aim is also to share wide range of CBCT images in the open access publishing model. Material and methods: For our review we systematically searched for articles from PubMed with 1) free full texts on ST in molar and premolar area and using CBCT, and 2) articles providing with information on complications related with the presence of ST in molar and premolar area. We also added to our review studies providing with classic ST classifications in premolar and molar area. Results: We found 29 cases of ST, and we freely illustrated them with 84 figures. We separated our pictorial review in: 1) unilateral ST in the mandible, 2) unilateral ST in the maxilla, 3) unilateral undersized ST, 4) bilateral ST, 5) ST with additional features, and 6) cases with major hyperdontia. Conclusions: we build up the classification matrix for premolar and molar ST with 11 descriptors and 50 boxes. The descriptors were: 1) location if the ST crown in axial view, 2) vertical location of the cusp tip in relation with closest erupted tooth in coronal view, 3) shape, 4) distribution, 5) Position (in relation to normal tooth eruption) in sagittal view, 6) State of eruption of the ST in the sagittal view, 7) Follicle size measurement in sagittal view, 8) External root resorption of adjacent teeth by ST and its location in relation to the long axis of the involved tooth, 9) Internal resorption of ST, 10) Adjacent tooth complication, and 11) Damage to surrounding structures if ST removal. The open access figures from the literature illustrated 11 boxes. With our pictorial review we were able to illustrate 45 out of 50 boxes, and freely provide the readership with the most complete description of ST in premolar and molar area on CBCT than in previously published studies.
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