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1
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Learning deficits in lab-reared cats

100%
Zernicki B.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1993
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vol. 53
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issue 1
231-236
EN
Data obtained by the author and his colleagues on deficits in learning in cats reared in the lab breeding colony are reviewed. As compared with cats who lived in a farm during the first 3-4 months of life, the lab-reared cats showed a dramatic impairment of delayed response learning to visual and auditory stimuli. They also showed some impairment to visual discrimination learning: they commited more errors than farm-reared cats when a discrimination apparatus had a paritition between the stimuli, their reaction times were longer, and after lesions of the superior colliculus-pretectum complex their relearning was impaired. Thus, even moderate impoverishment of environment can considerably affect later leaerning ability.
2
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The rhytmic slow activity recorded from enthorhinal cortex in freely moving cats

100%
Blaszczyk M., Grabowski R., Eckersdorf B., Golebiewski H., Konopacki J.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1996
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vol. 56
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issue 1
161-164
EN
The relationships between the entrohinal cortex (EC) and the hippocampal formation (Hipp) field potentials were examined in the present study. The detailed analyses of the signal let us group the patterns of theta appearance into three categories: (1) Theta rhythm dominating in both recordings from the EC and from Hipp (2) Theta rhythm dominating in the Hipp with irregular activity in the EC (3) Theta rhythm dominating in the EC with irregular activity in the Hipp. These findings provide the evidence for the intrinsic generator of theta rhythm to be localized in entorhinal cortex in cats.
3
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Direction discrimination learning in normal and visually deprived cats and the effects of lateral suprasylvian lesions

80%
Burnat K., Zernicki B.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1997
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vol. 57
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issue 3
235-245
EN
We used 5 binocularly deprived cats (BD cats), 4 control cats reared also in the laboratory (C cats) and 4 cats reared in a normal environment (N cats). The cats were trained to discriminate an upward or downward-moving light spot versus a stationary spot (detection task) and then an upward versus a downward spot (direction task). The N and C cats learned slowly. The learning was slower than in previously studied discriminations of stationary stimuli. However, all N and C cats mastered the detection task and except one C cat the direction task. In contrast, 4 BD cats failed in the detection task and all in the direction task. This result is consistent with single-cell recording data showing impairment of direction analysis in the visual system in BD cats. After completing the training the upper part of the middle suprasylvian sulcus was removed unilaterally in 7 cats and bilaterally in 6 cats. Surprisingly, the unilateral lesions were more effective: the clear-cut retention deficits were found in 5 cats lesioned unilaterally, whereas only in one cat lesioned bilaterally.
4
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The spontaneous theta rhythm recorded from the hypocalmus posterior in the cat in vivo

80%
Grabowski R., Blaszczyk M., Eckersdorf B., Golebiewski H., Konopacki J.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1996
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vol. 56
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issue 1
155-159
EN
Rhythmical slow activity (theta) was mapped in the hypothalamic regionin freely moving cats. We recorded well synchronized and high amplitude theta rhythm in the medial part of hypothalamus posterior area. The EEG recordings made from lateral part of this hypothalamic region contained only irregular activity. These findings support earlier observations concerning the topography of hippocampal formation desynchrony and synchrony system. The observations of the present study also suggest that the hypothalamus posterior area is actively involved in the mechanisms responsible for generating theta oscillations in the cats.
5
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Afferent input from distal forelimb nerves to branching spinoreticular-spinocerebellar neurones in the cat

80%
Krutki P., Mrowczynski W.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2002
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vol. 62
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issue 4
271-276
EN
Patterns of afferent connections from receptors of the distal forelimb were investigated in neurones located in C6-C7 segments of the spinal cord with branching axons projecting to the lateral reticular nucleus and the cerebellum. Experiments were made on five adult cats under alpha-chloralose anaesthesia. After antidromic identification, EPSPs and IPSPs were recorded from 22 neurones following stimulation of deep radial, superficial radial, median and ulnar nerves. Both excitatory and inhibitory effects were found in the majority of the cells, however, in 2 cases no synaptic actions were recorded. EPSPs were evoked from group I or II muscle, or cutaneous afferents ? mostly monosynaptically. IPSPs from muscle, cutaneous or flexor reflex afferents were mostly polysynaptic. Seven various types of convergence were established in the cells investigated. Significance of parallel transmission of integrated information from various receptors of the distal forelimb to the reticular formation and cerebellum is discussed.
6
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Branching neurones in the cervical spinal cord with axons that reach sacral segments and the lateral reticular nucleus. An electrophysiological study in the cat

80%
Krutki P., Grottel K., Mrowczynski W.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1999
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vol. 59
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issue 4
279-285
EN
Branching neurones in the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord were electrophysiologically studied in alpha-chloralose anaesthetized cats with the method of antidromic activation of axons. Stimulating electrodes were placed bilaterally at levels of lower thoracic and sacral segments and in the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), ipsilaterally to the recording sites in C6/C7 segments. Thirty-nine out of a total one hundred neurones could be classified as bidirectional neurones with both descending and ascending collaterals. In the remaining cases only long descending projections to spinal segments were found. Comparison of conduction velocities measured in descending branches revealed no significant differences between individual neurones. On the other hand, descending collaterals of double direction neurones conducted impulses considerably faster than their axonal branches ascending to LRN. Our results suggest that parallel transmission of information to various, spinal or supraspinal centres of the nervous system is more common than reported before.
7
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Correlated activity of lateral geniculate neurones in binoculary deprived cats

80%
Michalski A., Wrobel A.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1994
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vol. 54
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issue 1
3-10
8
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20 Hz bursting beta activity in the cortico-thalmic system of visually attending cats

80%
Wrobel A., Bekisz M., Kublik E., Waleszczyk W.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1994
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vol. 54
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issue 2
95-107
9
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Reversal of visual discrimination and visual acute extinction in cats with poor or limited early visual experience

80%
Zernicki B.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1997
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vol. 57
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issue 4
323-328
EN
Transformation of visual instrumental conditioned reflexes rewarded with food was compared in cats binocularly deprived of pattern vision in the early period of life (BD cats), control cats reared also in the laboratory but with open eyes (C cats) and cats reared in normal environment (N cats). In Expt. I the cats were given 4 sequential reversal trainings of cross vs. disc discrimination and in Expt. II a response to a gate marked with a cross or a disc was submitted to 4 sequential acute extinctions and restorations. The results show that both visual deprivation and rearing in monotonous laboratory environment moderately affect transformation of associations between visual stimuli and hunger drive and instrumental responses. However, in BD cats transformation learning is less impaired than previously studied visual discrimination learning.
10
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Different forms of impairment of the fore-hindlimb coordination after partial spinal lesions in cats

80%
Gorska T., Bem T., Majczynski H., Zmyslowski W.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1996
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vol. 56
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issue 1
177-188
EN
Effects of large low thoracic (T10-T11) partial spinal lesions involving either the ventral quadrans of the spinal cord and, to a different extent the dorsolateral funiculi, or different extent of the lateral funiculi and/or the dorsal columns, on the fore-hindlimb coordination were examined in cats walking overground at moderate speeds. In both groups of operated cats, except those in which the lesion was essentialy confined to dorsal columns, three different forms of impairment of fore-hindlimb coordination were observed, depending on the extent of lesion: (1) a change of locomotion towards pacing with preservation of the equality of the rhythms in the fore- and the hindlimbs; (2) episodes of fore- and hindlimb rhythm dissociation and (3) a permament dissociation of the fore- and hindlimb rhythms. A comparison of the results obtained in these two groups operated cats points to the more important role played by lateral funiculi, then by other parts of the spinal white matter, in controlling the fore-hindlimb coordination in cats.
11
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Various strategies of forelimb movement during contact placing reactions elicited by tactile stimulation of the different aspects of a cat's paw

80%
Czarkowska-Bauch J.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1996
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vol. 56
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issue 4
907-918
EN
Forelimb trajectory and the activity of eight muscles operating at the elbow, wrist and digit joints were analyzed during contact placing (CP) reactions elicited by tactile stimuli applied to the lateral (L) or medial (M) side of the cat's forepaw to verify whether a common movement strategy was used in these reactions. A tactile stimulus applied to the lateral side of the paw led, most frequently, to a short-latency activation of the elbow flexor muscles and flexor carpi radialis. Stimulation of the medial side of the paw produced either a short-latency activation of the elbow flexors or both the elbow flexor and extensor muscles. At the distal joints it most frequently activated extensor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi radialis muscles. Different patterns of activation of the muscles during LCP and MCP reactions led to a diverse involvement of elbow flexion and extension movements at the beginning of the reactions. LCP was usually initiated by the elbow flexion movement whereas during MCP reactions the elbow flexion often appeared with a delay due to a brief co-contraction of the elbow flexor and extensor muscles which temporarily locked the elbow joint. The latter reaction was initiated by a backward/upward movement at the proximal joints accompanied by an ulnar deviation and a palmar flexion of the paw. The medio-lateral components of the movement were also clearly different in LCP and MCP reactions, both at the proximal and distal joints. The results indicate that various strategies of movement are used in CP reactions depending on the site of tactile stimulation.
12
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Electrophysiological investigation of spino-olivary projections originating from sacral segments of the cat spinal cord

80%
Mrowczynski W., Krutki P.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2001
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vol. 61
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issue 4
319-324
EN
Ascending projections of sacral spinal cord neurones (S1-S2) to the dorsal accessory olivary nucleus (DAO) were electrophysiologically investigated in 3 adult cats under deep -chloralose anaesthesia. Antidromic action potentials were recorded extracellularly from 19 cells following stimulation of their axons in both the contralateral dorsal accessory olivary nucleus (coDAO) and the contralateral lateral funiculus at the level of lower thoracic segments (Th13). Two groups of neurones were identified in the gray matter of S1-S2 segments: one distributed in the medial part of Rexed?s laminae VI and VII (n=5), the other located in the ventromedial part of lamina VIII (n=14). Axonal conduction velocities of neurones investigated were comprised in the range 32-55 m/s. A significant decrease of conduction velocity was observed in each case when distal and proximal parts of the axon were compared. Our research confirmed anatomical data concerning spino-olivary neurones originating from sacral segments. However, we suggest that axons of this pathway give off collaterals to other spinal or supraspinal centres.
13
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Activity of the elbow flexor and extensor muscles during contact placing elicited by tactile stimulation of various aspects of the forelimb in the cat

80%
Czarkowska-Bauch J., Bem T., Majczynski H.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1993
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vol. 53
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issue 1
125-131
EN
The activity of the biceps brachiit and lateral head of the triceps brachii were compared during the contact placing reactions elicited by tactile stimuli applied to the lateral, medial or dorsal aspects of the forepaw to verify the hypothesis that common movement strategy was used in all these reactions. Similar latencies and patterns of muscle activation have been found for the medial and dorsal placing while the different timing of the muscle activation was seen in lateral placing reactions. Both muscles often coactiveted during lateral or dorsal and less frequently during medial placing reactions. In dorsal placing the coactivations predominated at the beginning of the reactions while in lateral placing they appeared most frequently in later phases of the reaction. The co-contraction of the elbow flexor and extensor muscles leads to locking of the elbow joint. Thus, the coactivation of these muscles in different phases of the lateral, medial and dorsal placing reactions indicates that various movement strategies have been used as the elbow flexion movement is iniatiated in different phases of these reactions.
14
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Discrimination learning of the vertical and horizontal light spot oscilations in normal and visually deprived cats

80%
Zernicki B., Zablocka T.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1993
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vol. 53
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issue 4
563-567
15
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Projections of laminae IV-VI neurones located in the S2 segment of the spinal cord to the C6 segment and the cerebellum in the cat

80%
Mrowczynski K., Grottel K., Krutki P.
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|
issue 2
103-111
EN
Ascending projections of neurones of the second sacral segment (S2) of the spinal cord to the sixth cervical segment (C6) and to the cerebellum were electrophysiologically investigated in eight adult cats under alpha-chloralose anaesthesia. Antidromic potentials recorded from 44 neurones following stimulation of their axons in the grey matter of the C6 segment as well as in the contralateral restiform body (coRB) showed evidence of both supraspinal and propriospinal projections. About one third of neurones (15) ascended to the cerebellum through the coRB and gave off collaterals to the C6 segment, while the rest (29) terminated exclusively at the level of the C6 segment. The cell bodies were found mainly in central parts of Rexed's laminae IV, V and VI while axons ran in lateral funiculi. Axonal conduction velocities measured between S2 and C6 segments were in the range of 42-78 m/s. A decrease of conduction velocity above the Th13 and C6 segments was found in most axons suggesting that they give some collaterals at spinal as well as supraspinal levels.
16
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Hindlimb swing, stance and step relationships during unrestrained walking in cats with lateral funicular lesion

80%
Gorska T., Majczynski H., Bem T., Zmyslowski W.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1993
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vol. 53
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issue 1
133-142
EN
In freely moving cats, walking at speeds of 0.4-1.0 m/s, lesions of the lateral funiculi, performed at the low thoracic level, increased the hindlimb step cycle duration and changed the relationships between the stance and swing phase durations and the step cycle duration. The values of the slopes of linear regression lines relating the swing and the step durations were markedly increased, while those for the stance phase were decreased, compared to intact animals. Control dorsal column produced no change in these parameters. The results suggest that pathways in the lateral funiculi play a substantial role in maintaining the proper structure of the step cycle.
17
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Interneuronal cortical connections and intertrial responses in appetitive instrumental learning

71%
Merzahanova G. K.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1997
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vol. 57
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issue 3
247-253
EN
The organization of interneuronal cortical connections in intertrial periods was studied in 4 cats trained to perform the delayed appetitive instrumental response to a visual conditioned stimulus (CS). Crosscorrelational analysis revealed changes in intra- and intercortical neuronal networks of the visual and motor cortical projection areas. Depending on the form of behavior in the intertrial period, i.e., the presence or absence of the acquired instrumental response, the functional connections of either informational (time delays of less than 30 ms) or motivational (time delays in the range of 60-100 ms) character dominated between the neurons of the motor and visual cortical areas.
18
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Locomotor recovery after thoracic spinal cord lesions in cats, rats

71%
Majczynski H., Slawinska U.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2007
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vol. 67
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issue 3
235-257
EN
More than a hundred years of extensive studies have led to the development of clinically valid animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI) used to investigate neurophysiological mechanisms, pathology and potential therapies. The cat and rat models of SCI were found particularly useful due to several behavioral responses that correspond to clinical symptoms seen in patients. This review concentrates on recovery of motor behavior in the rat and cat models of thoracic spinal cord injury. At the beginning an outline of the general concept of neural control of locomotion: the existence of a spinal network producing the locomotor activity and the supraspinal and sensory inputs that influence this network is presented. Next, the severity of functional impairment in relation to the extent and precise location of lesions at the thoracic level in cats and rats is described. Finally, the impact of animal studies on the treatment of SCI patients and the possibility that a spinal network producing the locomotor activity also exists in humans is discussed.
19
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Spatial organization of receptive fields of cat's.Hippocampal visually driven neurones

71%
Harutiunian-Kozak B. A., Hekimian A. A., Kazarian A. L., Kozak A. J., Dec K.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1996
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vol. 56
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issue 4
873-880
EN
According to the spatial configurations of receptive fields two broad groups of neurones in dorsal hippocampal region (HR) were distinguished. The receptive field borders of 22 cells have regular (R) smooth contours (squares or rectangles), usually with a horizontally oriented longitudinal axis. The second group was composed of neurones (20 cells) with irregular (IR) configurations of receptive fields. Some neurones (16 cells) of this group had relatively simple spatial configurations of receptive fields and 4 neurones had receptive fields with more intricate spatial configurations which formed complex geometrical shapes in the visual field. The exploration of the distribution of response properties a to stationary flashing spot over the RF surface revealed that the majority of cells with regular receptive fields have heterogeneous stationary structure with ON, ON-OFF and OFF subregions sequentially located in the receptive field, and these neurones, as a rule, were direction-sensitive. The neurones with irregular receptive fields, on the other hand, had a rather homogeneous structure of RFs when tested by a stationary flashing spot and only four neurones of 20 investigated were directionally sensitive.
20
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Effect of posterior hypothalamic injection of procaine on the hippocampal theta rhythm in freely moving cats

71%
Bocian R., Konopacki J.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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2001
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vol. 61
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issue 2
125-134
EN
Earlier in vivo studies conducted on freely moving and anesthetized rats demonstrated that the posterior hypothalamus (PH) comprises pathways critical for producing the synchronous hippocampal formation (HPC) theta rhythm. In addition, these findings suggested that the frequency of the HPC theta was encoded in the PH and then was fed via the medial forebrain bundle to the medial septum and HPC. In the present study we attempted to verify this hypothesis with use of a different in vivo model - freely moving cats. The microinjection of the local anaesthetic, procaine, into the PH region reversibly suppressed the spontaneous as well as sensory and electrically induced HPC theta. However, in contrast to rats, in freely moving cats microinjection of procaine into the PH reduced the amplitude of the HPC theta but had no effect on theta frequency. We conclude that in freely moving cats the PH region comprises a critical part of the ascending brainstem pathway, for production of the HPC theta rhythm. In contrast to rats, in freely moving cats ascending inputs from the brainstem to the PH contribute mainly to the amplitude of the HPC theta rhythm.
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