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Non-Destructive Harvesting of Biogenic Gold Nanoparticles fromJatropha curcasSeed Meal and Shell Extracts and their Application as Bio-Diagnostic Photothermal Ablaters-Lending Shine to the Biodiesel Byproducts

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Sheikh Mohamed M., Baliyan A., Veeranarayanan S., Cheruvathoor Poulose A., Nagaoka Y., Minegishi H., Yoshida Y., Maekawa T., Sakthi Kumar D.
Nanomaterials and the Environment
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2013
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vol. 1
3-17
EN
A potential non-destructive harvesting of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) employing the seed shell and detoxified-defatted seed meal aqueous extracts of Jatropha curcas is reported. The reduction potential of the shell and meal extracts were tested at varied ratios with chloroauric acid under physical parameters of increasing pressure and temperature. The optimal ratio of chloroauric acid to seed meal/shell extracts was determined to be 1:1 under constant shaking in water bath at 60ºC yielding nearly isotropic nanoparticles, which was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, HRTEM and AFM analysis. With increasing concentrations (1:2, 1:3, 1:4) of reducing agents, temperature (121ºC) and pressure (12 lbs), anisotropy with respect to particle shape and size increased in order. FT-IR, TGA and HRTEM provided evidence of bio-capping of the nanoparticles with biomolecules present in the parent reducing sources. The biocompatibility of these nanoparticles was tested on neuronal HCN-1A and brain cancer glioma Gl-1 cell lines, which revealed their superior cyto-amiability when compared with conventionally synthesized Au NPs. The biodiagnostic and photothermal ablation potential of the Au NPs were also tested and affirmed with the luminescent signals recorded from the cellular cytoplasm indicating the efficient internalization of these nanoparticles as well as the apoptotic events encountered upon irradiating the cells with laser. Nearly 100% of the cells underwent sudden apoptosis within 1 min of laser treatment, providing enough evidence for the thermal ablation potential of the Au NPs. To support the claim of non-destructive harvesting of nanoparticles, the protein and ash content of the seed meal and seed shell, respectively, were analyzed before and after the aqueous extraction. Minimal loss in these inherent characteristic potentials of the seed meal and shell emphasizes the sustainable utilization of bio-resources achieved in this report.
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Distribution and Source Fingerprinting of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Sediments of the River Niger at Okpu and Iyiowa-Odekpe Axes in South-Eastern, Nigeria

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Chokor A. A.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2022
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vol. 42
151-168
EN
The assessment of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) status as well as the aliphatic profiles of sediments from the Okpu and Iyiowa-Odekpe segments of the River Niger in South-Eastern Nigeria was conducted during the year 2021 – 2022. Composites samples taken from sediments at five (5) different locations (ST-A, ST-B, ST-C, ST-D, & ST-E) for the months of June, September, December, and February, were extracted with dichloromethane (DCM) using soxhlet extractor followed by a silica gel clean up and fractionation into aliphatic and aromatic fractions. Analysis of aliphatic fraction (Total Aliphatic Hydrocarbons –TAH - and aliphatic components) were done with gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID); while the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The summations of TAHs and PAHs gave the TPHs concentrations that ranged from 108.04 – 1091.46mg/Kg with a mean of 440.0234 ± 54.78mg/Kg. The mean value for the raining season (515.10±281.73 mg/Kg) was significantly higher than that of the dry season (364.94 ± 205.54 mg/Kg). The range of values were also much higher than the Nigerian Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) target value of 50mg/Kg but considerably much lower than the intervention value (5,000mg/Kg) set by the same body. Source diagnostic indices of aliphatic hydrocarbons gave range of: even to odd numbered n-alkane ratio (0.7183 – 1.7184), carbon preference index – CPI (0.65041 – 1.4520), sum of low molecular weight to high molecular weight n-alkane (1.0559 – 8.8077), nC31/nC19 (0.16867 – 1.1461), sum of long chain hydrocarbons to short chain hydrocarbons (0.1686 – 1.1470), and pristane/phytane ratio (0.6523 – 2.5284); suggesting that the TPHs in sediments were from mixed origin – anthropogenic and biogenic. Inputs from biogenic sources were however, dominated by marine sources. Developmental plans and actions that will reduce these anthropogenic inputs are necessary to protect the aquatic lives and sustain public health.
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