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Paleośrodowiskowe zmiany w świetle analiz palinologicznych późnovistuliańskich osadów węglanowych w zagłębieniach bezodpływowych w Bełchatowie

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Balwierz Z., Goździk J., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. G. F. i. K. Ś.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica

1997

vol. 1

The calcareous deposits in the upper part of Quaternary-age sediments were found in the Bełchatów mine. These deposits were accumulated in closed depressions. AIl these depressions are located in Świętojanka valley and tributary valleys (Fig. 1). The geological structure, chemical and mineral composition of calcareous deposits have been discussed elsewhere (Goździk, Konecka-BetIey 1992). In the present paper, the results of pollen analysis and more detailed field investigations of relationship between the calcareous deposits and neighbouring sediments are presented. The closed depressions were developed only the where Plenivistu1ian-age thick series of fluvial silty-sandy sediments occur. Numerous syngenetic ice wedge casts were found in these sediments (French, Goździk 1988). Pollen analysis of organic layers included in the siIty-sandy sediments and fossil beetles from one such layer, indicate a tundra depositional environment. Similar sediments from such present-day environments are always icerich and susceptible to thermokarst processes. It is very possible that PlenivistuIian-age fluvial sediments from Bełchatów were the same. Later, when thermokarst processes had been developed, the closed depressions were formed in places with a higher ice concentration. There is other evidence which supports a supposition about the important rOle of thermokarst processes. The 14C dates of the beginning of the formation of the closed depressions with standing water and the period of calcareous accumulation in Świętojanka valley established by pollen analysis, are similar to analogical deposits in typical thermokarst depressions in the area of the last glaciation in northern Poland. Calcareous deposits were found always to lie on aeolian cover sands, and were never invaded by dunes. This shows that calcareous deposition began after cover formation and perhaps after dune stabilization. Organic sediments from two ancient lakes I and III (Fig. 1) were analyzed by the palynological method. Calcareous deposits and two layers of peat situated above and below them were analysed. Results of this analysis are shown on Fig. 3 for lake I and Fig. 4 for lake Ill. Radiocarbon dates of peats from the lower levels of organic material of two lakes are similar - 12 540± 120 BP, GD-1875 (lake I) and 12 710± 130 BP, GD-5031 (lake Ill). Results of pollen analysis of both peat layers indicate that during their accumulation the vegetational landscape had a character of a treeless tundra without traces of lacustrine plants. This vegetation was developed under subarctic climatic conditions.The pollen analysis shows that after the peat accumulation the development of the lakes and calcareous material deposition began. This deposition in lake I started during Older Dryas time. It lasted throughout Alleroo and Younger Dryas time and finished at the beginning of the Holocene. Pollen diagrams of calcareous sediments from lakes I and III show many similarities, but there are some differences. These differences may indicate colder conditions during the accumulation of calcareous material in lake I1I--<:haracteristicfor Boiling period. An alternative interpretation of these differences is habitat rather than climatic. In the smaller lake III accumulation finished earlier than in lake I, that is at the and of Latevistulian.

W stropowej części osadów czwartorzędowych odsłoniętych w kopalni "Bełchatów" występują utwory węglanowe, które były akumulowane w zagłębieniach bezodpływowych w dolinie Świętojanki, dopływie Widawki. Zagłębienia te powstały wskutek krasu termicznego związanego z powszechną degradacją wieloletniej zmarzliny. Na podstawie badań palinologicznych utworów oraz datowania 14C możliwe było uchwycenie zarówno momentu początkowego zjawisk krasowych, jak i okresu ich intensywnego rozwoju. Występujące w spągu utworów węglanowych torfy tworzyły się w warunkach podmokłych, lecz bez stałego zbiornika wodnego, w początkowej fazie krasu termicznego. Oznaczenia wiekowe metodą HC wykazały dla torfu z zagłębienia I datę 12 540 ± 120 lat BP, a z zagłębienia III datę 12710±130 lat BP. Badania palinologiczne dowodzą, że panowały tu wówczas otwarte zbiorowiska tundry bezdrzewnej. Postępująca degradacja zmarzliny powodowała pogłębianie obniżeń, aż do utworzenia się w nich stałych zbiorników wodnych. W zbiornikach tych gromadziły się utwory węglanowe. Spektrum palinologiczne z tych utworów dowodzi, że w zbiorniku I powstały w okresie a11erOdu,natomiast nie rozstrzyga, czy utwór węglanowy w zbiorniku III tworzył się w bollingu czy allerodzie. Torfy leżące w stropie węglanów narastały już w holocenie.

Wpływ Kopalni Węgla Brunatnego ,,Bełchatów" na stosunki wodne małej zlewni nizinnej

100%

Jeż G., Jokiel P., Maksymiuk Z., Mela S., Teodorski J., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. G. F. i. K. Ś.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica

1997

vol. 1

Research on hydrological changes caused by man has been carried out in the Kręcica basin (A = 62 sq km), situated in the Bełchatów region (Fig. l). Three river gauges, a meteorological station, 8 precipitation stations and 9 groundwater observation wells were established within the study area. Hydrometeorological observations and measurements were carried out regularly and the groundwater level was checked once a week. In addition to basic hydrometeorological monitoring, the study involved: annual hydrographic mapping, preparation of lithological map with hydrogeological sections, regular flow rate measurement, examination of ground permeability and moinsture. The main aim of the study was to grasp moment of the changes in hydrological characteristics, especially of hydrographic network, griundwater and discharge. The research led to the establishment of a formula of water balance of a basin disturbed by man. The basic aim of the formula, was to pinpoint in water retention following the development of a cone of depression created by the brown coal mine in Bełchatów.The analyses presented in this paper indicate, that the changes are quantitave and concern retention in saturation zone and groundwater flow (Tab. l). The result also revealed the moment when a radical disturbance of the natural hydrological cycle in the study area occured. Analyses of climatological features (precipitation, evapotranspiration) have not indicated significant permanent changes. However a significal reduction has been identified when discharge, in particular groundwater discharge (Fig. 4) and a discharge coefficient (Fig. 5) were considered. Explicit changes of retention in saturation zone have also been found (Fig. 6). The results show that the 1983 was crucial in the functioning of the basin. This conclusion has been confirmed by doubly mass curves of annual precipitation and total flow and groundwater flow (Fig. 7). It has been found that decrease in flow caused changes of inclination of the curves. Natural structure precipitation, flow water losses and retention have been replaced by a pattern created by intemtional human activity. The mine drainage, has led to the lowering of groundwater levels and to the development of cone of depression. The cone of depression is increasing gradually and comprises a growing part ofthe Kręcica basin (8-9% in 1980---1982, 30% in 1990). It has led to changes of ground and surface alimentation of watercourses and has caused water escape from river channels. Most of the study area has become one withought surface and groundwater flow. The hydrological changes caused by the mining enterprise, and presented here, are certainly not complete. It should be stressed that the changes are continuing and althought their direction is known, the effects cannot be predicted accurately.

W artykule autorzy zmierzają do przedstawienia wpływu antropopresji na mechanizm obiegu wody w zlewni K.ręcicy. Ukazano kierunki i siłę zmian warunków wodnych w latach 1981-1989. Szczegółowej analizie poddano zmiany sieci hydrograficznej, wód podziemnych i odpływu. Podjęto również próbę analizy bilansu wodnego zlewni. Przeprowadzone badania dowiodły, że wyrażna zmiana w sposobie obiegu wody w zlewni nastąpiła w 1983 r. Należy zatem uznać, iż od tego momentu charakter krążenia wody w dorzeczu istotnie zależy od działalności człowieka.

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2 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica

2 1997

2 Uniwersytet Łódzki I. G. F. i. K. Ś.

1 Balwierz Z.

1 Goździk J.

1 Jeż G.

1 Jokiel P.

1 Maksymiuk Z.

1 Mela S.

1 Teodorski J.

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Paleośrodowiskowe zmiany w świetle analiz palinologicznych późnovistuliańskich osadów węglanowych w zagłębieniach bezodpływowych w Bełchatowie

Wpływ Kopalni Węgla Brunatnego ,,Bełchatów" na stosunki wodne małej zlewni nizinnej