Grzyby z gromady Basidiomycota od dawna budzą zainteresowanie ze względu na występowanie w ich owocnikach szeregu związków o uznanych właściwościach leczniczych. Obiektem przeprowadzonych badań były kultury mycelialne dwóch gatunków grzybów afylloforoidalnych występujących na terenie Polski Hydnum repandum L. oraz Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) Fr. Celem podjętych badań była jakościowa i ilościowa analiza ekstraktów otrzymanych z kultur mycelialnych pod kątem występowania związków o udokumentowanej aktywności biologicznej: kwasów fenolowych, niehalucynogennych związków indolowych oraz steroli. Do oznaczeń wykorzystano wysokosprawną chromatografię cieczową faz odwróconych (RP-HPLC). Na podstawie analizy stwierdzono w ekstraktach z otrzymanej biomasy obecność ośmiu kwasów fenolowych: galusowego, gentyzynowego, p-hydroksybenzoesowego, kawowego, kumarowego, protokatechowego, syryngowego, wanilinowego oraz kwasu cynamonowego. Ilościowo dominującym związkiem był kwas protokatechowy w ilości 6,23 μg/g s.m. (H. repandum) oraz kwas hydroksybenzoesowy w ilości 4,52 μg/g s.m. (S. crispa). Spośród związków pochodnych indolu ilościowo oznaczono: indol, serotoninę, tryptaminę i tryptofan. Całkowita ich zawartość wynosiła 1,28 μg/g s. m. (ekstrakty z H. repandum) oraz 3,07 μg/g s.m. (ekstrakty z S.crispa). Ilościowo dominującym metabolitem był tryptofan. Spośród steroli oznaczono ergosterol w biomasie z kultur in vitro S. crispa (700,87 μg/g s.m). Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że przebadane kultury mycelialne krajowych gatunków grzybów afylloforoidalnych są zdolne do akumulacji metabolitów aktywnych biologicznie.
EN
For a long time fungi belonging to Basidiomycota phylum have been in the center of attention because of the presence in their fruiting bodies of compounds with known therapeutic activity. Mycelial cultures of two aphyllophorales species occurring in Poland, Hydnum repandum L., and Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) Fr., were analyzed in our study. The main aim of the study was qualitative and quantitative analysis of extracts obtained from the mycelial cultures for the presence of known biologically active compounds, including phenolic acids, non-hallucinogenic indole compounds and sterols. For analyses a reversed-phase chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was used. The presence of eight phenolic acids including gallic, gentisic, p-hydroxybenzoic, caffeic, p-coumaric protocatechuic, syringic, vanillic and cinnamic acids was confirmed in the extracts obtained from the biomass. The quantitatively predominant metabolites in biomass from in vitro cultures of H. repandum and S. crispa were protocatechuic acid (6.23 μg/g DW) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (4.52 μg/g DW). Derivatives of indole such as indole, serotonin, tryptamine and tryptophan were measured quantitatively. Their total content was estimated as 1.28 μg/g DW and 3.07 μg/g DW in H. repandum and S. crispa extracts, respectively. The major metabolite found was tryptophan. In addition, ergosterol, one of the sterols present in the biomass of in vitro cultures of S. crispa was analyzed (700.87 μg/g DW). The obtained results confirm the hypothesis that mycelial cultures of domestic species of aphyllophorales are able to accumulate biologically active metabolites.
A group of natural sterols isolated from mushrooms are mycosterols, of which derivatives the most interesting is ergosterol (5,7,22-ergostatrien-3β-ol) and its peroxide, which are presented in the fruiting bodies of most of the representatives of the Basidiomycota taxon. Mushroom sterols are synthesized in a similar way, but the reaction sequence, which is squalene metabolism and the stereochemistry of the major products are different. As with many derivatives of isoprene, the basic unit of the synthesis of sterols is isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), which in turn is synthesized from acetyl-CoA by alternately pass away of mevalonic acid. Mycosteroles, they are considered beneficial compounds that have health promoting effects. It has been proven their ability to lower serum cholesterol, may also be effective in the prevention of certain types of cancer. Ergosterol, which is common in mushrooms, as peroxidation products thereof, also exhibits many beneficial effects. It may have the potential health benefits and influence on the improvement of essential physiological functions of human body, including reduced pain associated with the activity of inflammation, reduction in the incidence of cardiovascular disease, inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) and lowering cholesterol levels. It also has antioxidant properties and inhibit the growth of fungi and bacteria.
In recent years an increase in the consumption of edible mushrooms has been observed. In many countries mushrooms have been a popular delicacy, as they add flavor and texture to a meal. Mushrooms are able to accumulate both primary and secondary metabolites. Some of them may play an antioxidant role, e.g. phenolic and indole compounds, flavonoids, terpenoids, sterols, ascorbic acid, ergothioneine and carotenoids and are a source of elements, e.g. selenium. Indole compounds fulfill the role of neurotransmitters or their precursors, exhibit antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging actions, regulate the diurnal cycle in humans and take part in blood coagulation. Biologically and therapeutically active metabolites of fungi are used to treat such serious diseases as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, atherosclerosis and cancer. The intake of mushrooms clearly has a cholesterol-lowering effect or hypocholesterolemic effect by different mechanisms such as decreasing VLDL, improving lipid metabolism, inhibiting of activity of HMG-CoA reductase, and consequently preventing the development of atherosclerosis. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds occurring in mushrooms also may contribute to reduce the atherosclerosis risk.
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