The development of non-surgical methods of embryo collection and transfer, primarily in cattle, has led to the commercialization of these techniques, including the production of genetically identical twins. The aim of this paper is to review the progress of the studies on the production of monogenetic progeny using microsurgical bisection of embryos, with a special emphasis put on factors affecting the efficiency of this method. We have also described our new alternative method of monogenetic twin production in cattle based on modified bisection of specifically hatching blastocysts, whose zona pellucida had been perforated.
The article discusses the role played by decision mechanisms in the leading model of timing, scalar expectancy theory. Examples of the roles played by decision mechanisms in explanations of behaviour on temporal generalization and bisection are presented. Decision mechanisms for different timing tasks often have a common form (thresholded normalized difference, TND), where differences between durations are 'normalized' (i.e., divided) by another duration value, then compared with a threshold. The TND principle provides a rule for both similarity and identity judgements of duration. The role of threshold mechanisms in timing is discussed, and it is shown that some procedural manipulations appear to specifically alter threshold values. Finally, problems in modelling the decision processes involved in verbal estimation are discussed.
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