Studies was undertaken to derive information on the abundance, as well as the distribution of African elephants in the Sambisa-Amshaka Game Reserve. For the purposes of the study, the reserve was divided into zones that were then compared. The results reveal that Sambisa-Amshaka Game Reserve holds an ample population of both resident and migratory elephant throughout the year. A total number of 132 elephant groups were sighted during a drive of 29350 m. There is, therefore, a 95% certainty that the true population size lies between 60 and 70 confidence limits, and there is no significant difference P>0.05 between the zones in both elephant composition and distribution. In addition, 190 species woody plants were found browsed by elephant in the study area. Other grasses and forbs were also browsed. The problem facing elephants in the study area includes farming activities during the dry season that block the route the migratory elephants pass through, and also the drying up of rivers. We conclude that if the elephant herd is maintained in the reserve, eco-tourism based on elephant watching will yield economic benefits to the game reserve, the state and the Nation at large. Adequate protection of the elephant species in the reserve is therefore recommended.
Butterflies are very sensitive insects for climate change, environmental pollution. Butterflies are model for most of the studies which focus on the effect of climate change on the species richness, change in abundance, species distribution, population size; it is also because of butterflies are umbrella species,. The conservation programme of butterflies will surely help to conserve other species from plants to microscopic organisms. In this study an attempt was made to evaluate the change in butterfly population dynamics through different seasons of the year. According to the observation made during research period it is clear that species richness was the highest from August to November (Monsoon and Early Monsoon) followed by Winter. The lowest were in Hot Summer and Summer that is from February to May. This study is an example for the impact of climate change on the diversity of butterflies from semi-arid geographical region of India; revealed the impact of climate on the species composition, species richness and abundance of butterflies. Such studies are very much important to show that the effects of climate change whether it is natural or human induced change the species composition of species directly and indirectly effecting the ecosystem balance.
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