Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) covers wavelength range from about 5 nm to 50 nm. That is why EUV is especially applicable for imaging and patterning on nanometer scale length. In the paper periodic nanopatterning realized by interference lithography and high resolution holographic nanoimaging performed in a Gabor in-line scheme are presented. In the experiments a compact table top EUV laser was used. Preliminary studies on using a laser plasma EUV source for nanoimaging are presented as well.
We show that bistability and metastability of In and Ga impurities in CdF_{2} crystals can be efficiently used in writing volume holographic gratings. Phototransformation of these impurities from the localized to the hydrogenic state leads to a large change of the local polarizability of the host, and thus a significant change of the refractive index. While CdF2:In can be used only at low temperatures (below 150 K), CdF2:Ga crystals are suitable for room temperature recording.
It is shown that metastable centers in various semiconductors can be used for efficient hologram recording. This type of holographic materials has a very high dynamic range and sensitivity. Their major drawback for possible applications is low metastability temperature. This problem can be overcome by using CdF_{2}:Ga crystals, which exhibit metastability below 240 K. This material is suitable for writing thick and multiple holograms both in static and dynamic regimes.
We present a detailed experimental investigation on polarization-isotropic and polarization-anisotropic holographic scattering in lithium niobate crystal doped with iron when recording parasitic gratings with an ordinary polarized pump beam. The kinetics of both types of scattering during the whole process of recording are studied. Holographic scattering is presented as a simple technique to monitor the energy transfer between beams of different polarization. Moreover, the spectral and the angular dependence of the transmitted intensity of the crystal during the reconstruction of the auto-generated parasitic gratings are measured.
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