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Environmental risk factors contributing to childhood overweight and obesity

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Kawalec A., Pawlas K.
Medycyna Środowiskowa - Environmental Medicine
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2017
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vol. 20
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issue 2
7-12
EN
The rising prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and teenagers is a major challenge for public health. Obesity is a complex and heterogeneous disorder, affected by many interacting genetic and non-genetic factors. The aim of this article was to focus on the environmental risk factors for childhood obesity. Among different factors contributing to an increase in BMI, we highlighted the role of exposure to cigarette smoke, DDT, bisphenol A, pesticides, and noise. The correlation between exposure to environmental toxins during prenatal period and obesity development in later life was underlined. According to obesogenic environment hypothesis, some features of distal and proximal neighbourhood also have a pivotal impact on children's behaviour and may contribute to increasing the risk for overweight. The area of residence (urban or rural) may affect access to sports facilities or other opportunities for physical activity. Therefore, for designing adequate prophylaxis, it is essential to take into account modifiable risk factors present in residential neighbourhood. Prevention of childhood obesity should integrate activities for both micro- and macro-environment surrounding the child.
PL
Wzrastająca częstość występowania nadwagi lub otyłości u dzieci i nastolatków stanowi poważne wyzwanie dla zdrowia publicznego. Otyłość to złożone i heterogenne zaburzenie wynikające z wielu interakcji pomiędzy czynnikami genetycznymi i pozagenetycznymi. Celem artykułu było skupienie się na środowiskowych czynnikach ryzyka dziecięcej otyłości. Spośród różnorodnych czynników przyczyniających się do wzrostu BMI na- świetliliśmy rolę ekspozycji na dym tytoniowy, DDT, bisphenol A, pestycydy oraz hałas. Podkreślony został związek pomiędzy narażeniem na środowiskowe toksyny w okresie prenatalnym a rozwojem otyłości w późniejszym życiu. Zgodnie z hipotezą obesogennego środowiska niektóre cechy dalszego i bliższego sąsiedztwa mają bardzo ważny wpływ na zachowania dzieci i mogą przyczynić się do wzrostu ryzyka nadwagi. Miejsce zamieszkania (wieś lub miasto) może warunkować dostępność do obiektów sportowych czy innych możliwości wykonywania aktywności fizycznej. Dlatego też, niezwykle ważnym jest uwzględnienie przy projektowaniu odpowiedniej profilaktyki modyfikowalnych czynników ryzyka obecnych w lokalnym środowisku. Prewencja dziecięcej otyłości powinna integrować działania na rzecz mikro- i makrośrodowiska otaczającego dziecko.
2
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A review of medications used for treatment of obesity

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CZOPEK A., ZAGÓRSKA A., PAWŁOWSKI M.
Medicina Internacia Revuo
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2016
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vol. 27
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issue 106
20-25
EN
Obesity, which occurs both in rich as well as developing countries, is a chronic disease that can cause many serious illnesses. It has become a global health problem, which affects onethird of adult population in the world. To induce weight loss, profound lifestyle modification is required. In the case, when lifestyle changes alone are insufficient, pharmacotherapy can be helpful. Most of anti-obesity drugs (e. g. fenfluramine, sibutramine, rimonabant), which have been approved for treatment of obesity, were subsequently withdrawn from the market due to their adverse effects. In this manuscript, a short overview of currently available anti-obesity drugs like orlistat, lorcaserin, liragutide as well as phentermine/topiramate and naltrexone/ bupropion combination, was presented. Herein we focus on efficiency, mechanism of action and possible side effects of anti-obesity drugs. Finally, it was emphasized that better understanding of mechanisms involved in appetite regulation could be useful for developing novel, more effective and better tolerated anti-obesity drugs.
3
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Nutritional preferences of children and prevalence of overweight and obesity in children in grades 1-3 of primary schools in Kraków and Myślenice county

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ŻWIRSKA J., JAGIELSKI P., BAJER M., STYCZEŃ A., SCHLEGEL-ZAWADZKA M.
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EN
The Children’s Health Center in Warsaw was carried out in 2007-2010 the research project „Development of standards in blood pressure of children and youth in the Poland OLAF” confirmed that overweight and obesity affects about 22% of boys and 18% of girls in schools basic; in secondary schools this proportion is slightly lower – 15% and 12%. The aim of this study was to assess the food preferences, and the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children of 1-3 classes of primary school in the South Poland. The study was conducted in the Myslenice District and Kraków in 2009-2012 year. These included primary school pupils aged 7-9 years and their parents. Group size was 1,140 children. Questionnaire for children was aimed at getting to know the degree of liking some food products. Anthropometric measurements were as: measurement of weight, height, % body fat, waist and hips. The analysis used ANOVA rank Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test, and the level of significance was set at α = 0.05. Boys with underweight and normal significantly more liked Pepsi drinks than girls. Among the vegetables girls having a BMI in the normal range more preferred lettuce, cauliflower and radish, than boys. Of the sweets girls with overweight and obesity significantly less liked buns, compared to girls with underweight and normal. Boys regardless of BMI significantly more liked pizza compared to girls. Gender and child nutritional status will affect the choice of food products. It is necessary to correct nutritional education of children and their parents to the future of there eating behavior were normal.
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