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Cognitive impairment, neurodegenerative disorders, and olfactory impairment: A literature review

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Kovalová M., Gottfriedová N., Mrázková E., Janout V., Janoutová J.
Polish Journal of Otolaryngology
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2023
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vol. 78
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issue 2
1-17
EN
Introduction: The early detection and diagnosis of dementia are of key importance in treatment, slowing disease progression, or suppressing symptoms. The possible role of changes in the sense of smell is considered with regard to potential markers for early detection of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Materials and methods: A literature search was conducted using the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science between May 30, 2022 and August 2, 2022. The term “dementia” was searched with keyword combinations related to olfaction. Results: A total of 1,288 records were identified through the database search. Of these articles, 49 were ultimately included in the analysis. The results showed the potential role of changes in the sense of smell as potential biomarkers for early detection of AD. Multiple studies have shown that olfactory impairment may be observed in patients with AD, PD, MCI, or other types of dementia. Even though smell tests are able to detect olfactory loss caused by neurodegenerative diseases, they cannot reliably distinguish between certain diseases. Conclusions: In individuals with cognitive impairment or neurodegenerative diseases, olfactory assessment has repeatedly been reported to be used for early diagnosis, but not for differential diagnosis.
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Hearing thresholds at conventional and extended high frequencies in young personal listening devices‘ users: A pilot study

86%
Gottfriedová N., Škerková M., Zbořilová M., Kovalová M., Tomaskova H., Mrázková E.
Polish Journal of Otolaryngology
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2024
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vol. 79
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issue 1
17-25
EN
Introduction: The exposure to unsafe sound levels is considered a risk factor for developing noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Personal listening devices (PLDs) represent a common source of recreational noise among young adults. First changes of NIHL could be detected at extended high frequencies (EHFs). Aim: This pilot study aimed to analyze hearing thresholds at conventional frequencies (CFs) and EHFs in young adults due to the PLD use. Methods: Hearing thresholds of 114 otologically normal adults aged 18 to 30 years unexposed to occupational noise were assessed using conventional and extended high-frequency audiometry. Data on PLD use, leisure time noise exposure, health and lifestyle, were acquired using a questionnaire. Results: Differences in hearing thresholds were found at CFs but not at EHFs according to the listening frequency (daily vs less frequent listening); duration of one PLD use of more than 30 minutes; and total listening time ≥7 hours/week. Only the highest frequency was affected by loud volume listening. Conclusions: Changes in hearing thresholds were found at CFs, whereby long duration, high volume and daily use were associated with lower hearing thresholds in otologically healthy adults.
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