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EN
As it was shown in numerous works concerning various plant species tissue culture derived plants may serve as potential variability resources for breeding. This subject was also investigated in rye. However, the number of publications is relatively low. A somaclonal variation in rye was investigated on different levels as molecular one, cytological or morphological. Based on these searches, several general conclusions can be drawn: (1) the frequency of somaclonal changes in rye is high, which can be connected with the presence of genome region, especially susceptible for tissue culture conditions, (2) the range and spectrum of somaclonal changes depend on donor plant genotype, (3) the majority of somaclonal changes has an negative character, e.g. reduction of plant viability, fertility or yield quality influence negatively plant quality, (4) some somaclonal changes can be useful for rye breeding.
EN
Recently, several papers regarding genes essential for somatic embryogenesis have been published. The most important genes playing a key role in both zygotic and somatic embryogenesis are: SERK, LEC, and BBM. The majority of them are regulatory genes coding transcriptional factors. It was proved that the highest transcript accumulation of AGL15, BBM, SERK genes is characteristic for early stages of embryogenesis. The other genes, e.g. LEC1, L1L, LEC2, FUS3, PEI1 are preferentially expressed in later stages. Recently, NiR gene coding ferredoxin ? nitrite reductase, isolated from QTL region has been proved to play a key role in regeneration ability of rice. Although many investigations have been performed up to date, the molecular mechanisms of somatic embryogenesis is still far from understanding.
EN
In the last 20 years, several marker systems based on the microsatellite sequences have been elaborated. One of them is SAMPL (Selective Amplification of Microsatellite Polymorphic Loci), which gives a possibillity to detect genetic polymorphisms resulting not only from mutations in restriction sites, but also from different number of microsatellite motif repeats. That makes it a valuable tool for a genetic diversity studies even among closely related forms. Moreover, thanks to the abillity of simultaneous analysis of many segregating loci in one gel line, SAMPL markers are very useful to construct new and improve density of already existing genetic maps.
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