Type 1 diabetes (also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or juvenile-onset diabetes) is usually caused by T cell-mediated autoimmunity, with a prediabetic state characterized by the production of autoantibodies specific for proteins expressed by pancreatic beta cells. The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is a spontaneous model of type 1 diabetes with a strong genetic component that maps to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region of the genome. A specific proteasome defect has been identified in NOD mouse lymphocytes that results from down-regulation of expression of the proteasome subunit LMP2, which is encoded by a gene in the MHC genomic region. This defect both prevents the proteolytic processing required for the production and activation of the transcription factor nuclear facktor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), which plays important roles in immune and inflammatory responses, as well as increases the susceptibility of the affected cells to apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). The proteasome dysfunction is both tissue and developmental stage specific and likely contributes to disease pathogenesis and tissue targeting.
The polymerization process of epoxy resins (bisphenol-A dicyanate) was studied using positron-annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. The polymerization from monomer to polymer through a polymerization reaction was followed by positron-annihilation lifetime spectroscopy measurements. Resins kept at curing temperatures (120, 150, and 200°C) changed form from a powder to a solid through a liquid. The size of the intermolecular spaces of the solid samples increased along with the progress of polymerization.
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