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Age- and Sex-Related Differences in Force-Velocity Characteristics of Upper and Lower Limbs of Competitive Adolescent Swimmers

100%
Nikolaidis P.
Journal of Human Kinetics
|
2012
|
vol. 32
87-95
EN
While there is a direct relationship between maximal anaerobic power (Pmax) and swimming performance, the relationship between upper and lower limbs with regard to Pmax and force-velocity (F-v) characteristics is not clear. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of age and sex on the ratios of mechanical characteristics between upper and lower extremities of adolescent swimmers. Seventeen girls (aged 14.7±1.8 yr) (mean±standard deviation) and 28 boys (14.6±1.4 yr), all members of competitive swimming clubs, performed a F-v test for both legs and arms. In legs, boys had higher values of Pmax (t43=2.4, p<0.05), Pmax expressed in relative to body mass values (rPmax, t43=3.4, p<0.01) and v0 (t43=4.3, p<0.001), while no differences were found for F0 (t43=1.0, p=0.31) and v0/F0 (t43=0.55, p=0.59). In arms, boys had higher values of Pmax (t43=3.2, p<0.01), rPmax (t43=3.9, p<0.001) and v0 (t43=3.4, p<0.01), while no differences were found for F0 (t43=1.9, p=0.06) and v0/F0 (t43=0.16, p=0.87). However, no sex difference was found with regard to the ratios of Pmax (t43=1.9, p=0.06), F0 (t43=1.2, p=0.23) and v0 (t43=1.3, p=0.20) between upper and lower extremities. There was direct relationship between age and Pmax of legs (r=0.64, p<0.01 in girls; r=0.43, p<0.05 in boys) and arms (r=0.56, p<0.05; r=0.57, p<0.01 respectively), while there was not any significant association between age and the ratios of mechanical characteristics of upper and lower limbs. These findings emphasize the need for separate evaluation of arms' and legs' force-velocity characteristics on a regular basis and the consideration of these measures in training design.
2
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Core stability of male and female football players

100%
Nikolaidis P.
Biomedical Human Kinetics
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2010
|
vol. 2
30-33
EN
Study aim: To investigate into core stability measures and to establish the preliminary normal data.Material and methods: Three groups of football players were studied: male players, members of an amateur club (Division IV; n = 20), female players, members of a Division I club (n = 28) and male adolescent club players (n = 17). They were subjected to 4 tests of core stability (muscular endurance of trunk flexors and extensors, and of left and right lateral bridge) at the beginning of the 2009/2010 season.Results: No significant between-group differences were found for trunk flexors endurance. Female players were significantly (p<0.01) superior to both male groups with respect to trunk extensors endurance and inferior with respect to flexors-to-extensors ratio.Conclusions: The results may have practical implications for football training and injury prevention.
3
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Association between body mass index, body fat per cent and muscle power output in soccer players

100%
Nikolaidis P.
Open Medicine
|
2012
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vol. 7
|
issue 6
783-789
EN
The objectives of this study were to examine (a) the prevalence of overweight/obesity, (b) the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and body fat percent (BF), and (c) the association between BMI, BF and power output in adult male soccer players. Members of competitive soccer clubs (n=169, aged 22.7±4.2yr) were examined for anthropometric characteristics and body composition, and performed the physical working capacity in heart rate 170 min−1 test (PWC170), a force-velocity test (F-v) and the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT). Based on international BMI cut-off points, 17.8% (n=30) of participants were classified as overweight. BMI was correlated with BF (r=0.67, p<0.001) and could be predicted based on the equation BF=1.193·BMI-12.24 (standard error of estimate 2.49). BMI and BF were in inverse relationship with mean power during WAnT (r=−0.30, p<0.001; r=−0.47, p<0.001, respectively). BF was also in inverse relationship with PWC170 (r=−0.26, p<0.001) and maximal power of the F-v test (r=−0.18, p=0.020).The prevalence of overweight among participants was lower than what is observed in general population. The findings confirmed previous observations on general population about the negative effect of overweight and fatness on selected parameters of physical fitness.
4
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Inter-individual Variability in Soccer Players of Different Age Groups Playing Different Positions

51%
Nikolaidis P., Ziv G., Lidor R., Arnon M.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2014
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vol. 40
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issue 1
213-225
EN
The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to profile physical characteristics and motor abilities of three age groups of soccer players - under 14 years, 14-17, and over 17, playing different positions - goalkeepers, defenders, midfielders, and forwards; and (b) to examine the inter-individual variability among the players in each age group in all physical and physiological measurements performed in the study. In addition, anthropometric, power, strength, and flexibility tests were administered. Findings showed large inter-individual variability in all three age groups and in all playing positions. Differences between playing positions were found only in the 14-17 group (body mass) and in the over-17 group (body height, body mass, fat-free mass, and mean power in the Wingate Anaerobic Test). Due to the observed large inter-individual variability, it was concluded that the findings obtained in the physical and physiological tests should be interpreted with caution when attempting to differentiate between successful and unsuccessful soccer players, as well as when trying to predict future success in soccer.
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