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EN
Introduction. The development of a sporting career takes a course within a phased manner, the various stages are characterized by different goals and tasks. In competitive swimming there are many cases of athletes who achieved high sporting results in the category of children and youths and who soon after abandoned their interest in training. The aim of this study was to find the association between the sports achievements of 11-year-old girls competing in the 200 m backstroke events and their sports level in the subsequent years of their career. Material and methods. The results of the sporting careers of girls who ranked from 1st to 20th in the 200 m backstroke event in the Polish Correspondence Championships for 10 and 11-Year-Old Children in 2003 were presented. Their positions taken in subsequent editions of the summer Polish championship till 2009 were the criterion of their career development. An analysis of documents was used as a scientific method. The basis for the analysis were post-competition protocols listed on the official website of the Polish Swimming Federation. Results. Only 30% of the examined athletes took part in all main events intended for their age. Less than half of them participated in the Polish 17-18-Year-Old Junior Championships organized within the Nationwide Juvenile Olympics. 40% of the girls from the studied group ended their careers before the age of 15. Four basic variants of development of a sporting career were observed in the group. Conclusions. After analyzing the athletes' careers it can be stated that a high position in the national ranking of 11-year-olds does not guarantee significant sporting achievements in later years. In the studied group of girls the stroke and distance specialization had changed in most cases (80%).
EN
Background: The aim of the study was to recognize high school pupils' opinions about the content of swimming classes, conducted within obligatory physical education lessons.Material/Methods: The experimental group consisted of 56 girls and 60 boys at the age of 14 (± 0.3). All of them were students of the second grade of public secondary schools. The fourth lesson of their obligatory physical education syllabus was conducted at the swimming pool. An anonymous survey was used as a tool. The survey questions referred to the quality and quantity of swimming exercises at the lesson as well as to methodological skills of the teacher.Results: Leg-only exercises and full stroke exercises dominated in the analysed lessons. Girls performed diving less frequently than boys. In pupils' opinion, underwater diving, games and relays occur rarely during swimming classes. Students pointed out that their teachers often explained new exercises, corrected their improper swimming movements, paid attention to the students of poorer abilities and judged fairly.Conclusions: The attractiveness of swimming classes should be developed by applying playing methods and task methods. Floating devices should be used more frequently. The content of the lesson should be differentiated according to the pupils' gender.
Human Movement
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2013
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vol. 14
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issue 4
360-365
EN
Purpose. The aim of the study was to assess lactate and glucose concentrations as indicators of anaerobic capacity in a highlyranked female junior swimmer. Methods. Ten trials of a 5 × 200 m backstroke step test were performed between December 2008 and July 2011. Each trial was video-recorded and blood samples were drawn from the ear lobe 1 min after completion of each step to measure lactate and glucose concentrations. Results. During maximal effort, lactate concentrations of 5.1 to 13.1 mmol · l-1 were recorded, while glucose concentration varied from 6.6 to 8.1 mmol · l-1. Correlations between lactate and glucose concentrations were significant in most tests. The shape of lactate and glucose curves revealed an improvement in the swimmer’s endurance ability during subsequent tests. Conclusions. Analysis of fluctuations in lactate and glucose concentrations appears to be a relevant indicator of the anaerobic capacity of experienced swimmers.
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2012
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vol. 4
|
issue 1
7-14
EN
Background: Physiological studies conducted for over 20 years on basketball players have shown an increasing share of anaerobic efforts during the game. The players' throw effectiveness and their ability to move quickly on the playing field often determine the result of the match. The current control of kinematics and biochemical variables is crucial in the modern training process.Material/Methods: The study was conducted on an 11-person group of male athletes from a Polish first-league basketball team. The subjects had to perform a fitness test proposed by the authors: 8×32.8m with bouncing, throwing a ball to the basket and running back without the ball. The course of the test was video-recorded. The blood sample was taken in the 1st, 3rd, 13th and 23rd minute after the test. The level of lactic acid as well as glucose concentration was assessed by Lactate Scout and FreeStyle Lite apparatus.Results: The study revealed individual differences in the level of special fitness among the players. The throw effectiveness varied from 37 to 75% (mean 59%), while the maximal lactic acid concentration varied from 6.3 to 8.5 mmol/l (mean 7.2 mmol/l). The average maximal glucose concentration was 124.6 mg/dl. The range of lactic acid restitution time differentiated the players from 21 to 55 minutes (mean 30min).Conclusions: Application of the test in practice allows determining the basic values of kinematic techniques of basketball players in terms of biochemical changes. It should be an effective tool to control and optimize the basketball training process.
EN
Background: Finnish sauna is presently the most popular type of thermal therapy in Europe. Saunas are widely available in aquaparks, SPA centers and hotels. In Scandinavian countries sauna is regarded not only as a form of treatment, but as a part of the national lifestyle. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate sauna-induced changes in systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR) and body mass in healthy men. Methods: Thirty healthy men aged 20-49 years (mean age: 31.2±11.3 years) attended four 12-minute Finnish sauna sessions (temperature: 90°C, humidity: 14-16%) with 6-minute breaks in between sessions, including cold water immersion for 1 minute. The participants’ physical activity (PA) levels were evaluated with an IPAQ questionnaire. Sauna bathers’ body composition, BP and HR were measured before the first and after the fourth sauna session. Results: A significant (p < .001) decrease in SBP and DBP values was noted in response to sauna regardless of the bathers’ body mass, age and PA levels. The average HR increased significantly in younger, slimmer and more physically active participants. Sauna treatment induced a significant decrease in body mass loss regardless of all independent variables. Conclusions: Repeated 12-minute Finnish sauna sessions have a beneficial influence on the cardiovascular system. Finnish sauna can be recommended for healthy men with average and high PA levels as a means of decreasing BP. Body mass loss, on the other hand, is related to the loss of body fluids as a result of sweating.
EN
Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a 15-minute bathing session in a Finnish sauna on changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively), heart rate (HR), and body mass. The effects of grouping variables (age, sex, BMI, frequency of sauna use, history of sauna use) were taken into account in the analysis. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 women (33.6±13.1) and 42 men (33.8±12.5) aged 17 to 79 participated in one 15-minute sauna session (temperature: 90-91°C; relative humidity: 14-16%) in December 2019, in the city of Wrocław, Poland. The participants' body mass, SBP, DBP and HR were measured before and after sauna. Body height was measured only before sauna. Results: Sauna induced significant changes in the participants' physiological parameters. Systolic blood pressure decreased (p<0.05) in both sexes, in older participants (p<0.001) regardless of their BMI, and in participants who had rarely used sauna and had used sauna for a minimum of several years. A significant decrease in DBP (p<0.001) and HR values and a significant loss of body fluids (p<0.001) was noted in both sexes regardless of age, BMI, frequency and history of sauna use. Conclusions: A 15-minute sauna session has a beneficial effect on the circulatory system and can be incorporated into cardiovascular therapies. Regular sauna use is an important factor, and optimal results can be achieved by visiting sauna several times a week.
EN
A scientific framework for this study is the Humanistic Theory of Martial Arts, and the psychology of sport using the concepts of goal, task and success. The problem and aim of this study was an explanation of “perception of success” in groups of adults practising martial arts. Is perception of success influenced by the respondents’ social background or the type of martial art practised? Would there be any differences in results depending on their country of origin and residence, and if so, what results? The research was done within the framework of the IMACSSS.1A/2011: “Social determinants of participation in martial arts schools and clubs”. The tool was Perception of Success Questionnaire, which was used to survey a number of respondents from the United States, the Czech Republic and Poland, who were selected randomly and participated voluntarily. The statements and calculations have been ranked by more or less contact forms of martial arts. The results obtained in this study indicate a poor relationship between perception of success and the type of fighting style practised and a measurable relationship between the perception of success and social origin. There is a weak relationship in perception of success by respondents from American or European cultures.
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