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Vaccine as a remedy for antimicrobial resistance; what are the Pros and Cons?

100%
Idris I., Adesola R. O.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2022
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vol. 42
76-84
EN
Before microorganisms were discovered as the causative agents of diseases, it was taught that diseases occur as a result of an imbalance in energy channels within the body system. With the advent of antimicrobials drugs to cure these diseases in both humans and animals, these antimicrobial drugs turn out to be ineffective as a result of overuse and misuse that lead to antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobials resistance is a silent pandemic having high morbidity and mortality that result in the death of over 1.2 million people worldwide as of 2019. Antimicrobial drugs are meant to prevent and treat disease but as a result of irrational usage, they pose great risks to humans, animals, and also the environment. This resistance is the major cause of persistent diseases and there is a need to avert its transmission and prevent further occurrence through a multidisciplinary approach, approaches to vaccine design and development, and also strengthening health care services delivery.
2
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Coronavirus: The Hidden Truth

81%
Adesola R. O., Waheed S. A., Abodunrin L.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2022
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vol. 43
38-59
EN
Coronavirus is one of the most dangerous and contagious illnesses that arise from the introduction of host organisms into the biological system. As of March 2022, this sickness had caused more harm than good, with 479 million cases and 6.12 million deaths worldwide. These illnesses are unpredictable sources of social, financial, and economic distress. The rising incidence of infections is the most concerning aspect. Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s using two distinct ways in the United Kingdom and the United States, while the first reports of coronavirus infection in animals occurred in the late 1920s when an acute respiratory infection of farmed hens developed in North America. Although some estimates place the common ancestor as far back as 55 million years or more, reflecting long-term co-evolution with bat and bird species, the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all coronaviruses is thought to have lived as recently as 8000 BCE. Coronaviruses have a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome that ranges in size from 26.4 to 31.7 kilobases. When the viral spike protein binds to its matching host cell receptor, infection occurs. There is no specific, effective, or 100 percent cure for coronavirus as of 2021, but supportive care, which includes treatment to relieve symptoms, fluid therapy, oxygen support, and prone positioning as needed, as well as medications or devices to support other affected vital organs, is the cornerstone of COVID-19 management.
3
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Biochemistry of wastes recycling

81%
Waheeg S. A., Adesola R. O., Garba S. M.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2022
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vol. 42
169-188
EN
Waste is an unwanted byproduct of human actions that physically contains the same substance as the valuable product. Waste is produced as a result of inefficient manufacturing processes, and its constant creation results in a waste of critical resources. Recycling is the conversion of waste materials into new materials and things, and a material's recyclability is determined by its ability to regain the attributes it had in its virgin or original state. Waste is divided into broad categories depending on its environmental impact (hazardous and non-hazardous waste), physical state (solid, liquid, and gaseous waste), and source. Biological reprocessing, energy recovery, and physical reprocessing are some of the waste recycling processes available. The purpose of waste management is to create sanitary living circumstances in order to limit the quantity of garbage that enters and leaves society while also encouraging the reuse of waste. Fermentation of organic waste, anaerobic digestion, bioleaching, biosorption, and bioreduction are examples of biochemical waste recycling technologies. We review to provide adequate and concise information on the biochemistry of waste management.
4
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Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen, 1830): A Potential Model for Human Diseases

81%
Adesola R. O., Lawal J. T., Oladele O. E.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2021
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vol. 36
42-59
EN
Over some time, Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen, 1830), commonly called fruit fly, has been used as a model organism in both scientific and medical research. Drosophila in comparison with other mammalian species shares some basic features like physiological, biological, biochemical, and neurological resemblances which make them suitable for use for biomedical research. Fruit fly can be maintained efficiently at a reduced cost in the laboratory, and it is endorsed as an alternative model compared to other vertebrates. It is confirmed and documented that almost 75 % of human disease-causing genes have functional similarities in Drosophila. Nevertheless, the use of D. melanogaster as a model organism was not narrowed to genetic research only, but several experiments. The use of this organism as a model for human diseases has also led to findings like neurodegenerative diseases, Huntington’s disease, spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, cancer, cardiovascular, inflammation and infectious diseases, and metabolic disorders. The fly is used as an ideal model organism for neurodegenerative disease studies such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, which have become more predominant in today's aging population due to its complex nervous system which conserved neurological function, and the human disease-related loci. In this review, we presented and discussed Drosophila melanogaster as a model to study several human diseases.
5
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Current trends in the treatment of sickle cell anemia

81%
Adio W. S., Christopher F. C., Adesola R. O., Mary F. I.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2022
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vol. 43
60-75
EN
Sickle cell disease is a set of illnesses characterized by the misshaping and breakdown of red blood cells. Red blood cells twist into a sickle shape in sickle cell disease, an inherited set of illnesses. The cells die early, resulting in a lack of healthy red blood cells (sickle cell anemia), and they might impede blood flow, causing pain (sickle cell crisis). Vernon Mason coined the term "sickle cell anemia" in 1922. SCD is thought to have killed approximately 114,800 individuals worldwide, and it is more common among people whose ancestors lived in tropical and subtropical sub-Saharan Africa, where malaria is or was prevalent. There are several types of SCD, including homozygous HbS and HbS/HbC co-inheritance (usually called HbSC). A genetic mutation causes the condition, which disrupts the iron-rich molecule essential for making blood red and transporting oxygen. SCD has been treated using a variety of approaches. The use of hydroxycarbamide and L-glutamine, blood transfusions, bone marrow transplants, gene therapy, and nutritional supplementation are just a few of them. Gene therapy is the most effective treatment option on the list. The method relies on modifying and reprogramming cells from the patient's own blood cells, as well as genetic engineering, to fix the inborn genetic defect. hydroxyurea, on the other hand, has been shown to change the course of the disease. Finally, if utilized correctly, a combination of available therapeutic medications could greatly improve the disease.
6
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Tramadol and its health implications

81%
Waheed S. A., Adesola R. O., Abraham Y.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2022
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vol. 42
123-138
EN
Tramadol is classified as a pain reliever having analgesic properties. Pain is an unpleasant sensation that occurs most commonly as a result of tissue injury. Most opioid medicines are classed as alkaloid compounds and are classified as narcotics because they work on the central nervous system (CNS) to treat pain in conditions such as osteoarthritis, cancer, tooth pain, and kidney discomfort. Tramadol is plentiful in the roots of Nauclea latofolia. It can be chemically and biosynthetically produced from cyclohexanone and L-phenylalanine, respectively. The tramadol dose determines the toxicity stage. The medicine can be detoxified in the liver using monooxygenase enzymes and conjugating agents if taken in excess of the recommended dose. Tramadol works on the central nervous system by acting as a vulnerable agonist and inhibiting serotonin re-uptake. Seizures, genitourinary, dermatologic, and respiratory depression are just a few of tramadol's many side effects. The focus of this research will be on tramadol and its health consequences.
7
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Aqueous Extracts of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and Garlic (Allium satium L.) Bulbs: Phytochemical Screening and In vivo Antitrypanosomal Effect

71%
Adesola R. O., Ogbole E., Itodo A. E., Salami O., Abdulazeez M. D.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2021
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vol. 37
135-150
EN
Aims: To evaluate the phytoconstituent and antitrypanosomal effects of aqueous extracts of Ginger and Garlic bulbs in mice experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Design: A total of 30 adult male mice (weighing 25-40 g) were randomly grouped into six groups (I, II, III, IV, V, and VI) of 5 animals each. Five Groups (II-VI) were intraperitoneally injected with T. brucei brucei (5×105 cells/ml). Methods and Material: Aqueous extract of ginger and garlic bulbs were obtained using the procedure described by Wabo Pone and the extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening using the standard screening method of Silva. Also, each mice was inoculated with 0.1 ml of blood containing approximately 5×105 cells/ml as described by Herbert and Lumsden. Finally, the aqueous extracts were tested on the inoculated mice. Statistical analysis used: Data obtained were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM), and subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), SPSS 17.0 statistical software. p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The aqueous extracts increased the survival time, packed cell volume, rectal temperature, and body weight (Ginger extract only) of mice infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Phytochemical analysis revealed alkaloids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, phenol, and saponins in both Ginger and Garlic. Conclusions: Aqueous extracts of Ginger and Garlic bulbs do not have an anti-trypanosomal effect on Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Consequently, geographical location and time of collection of plants are factors that accept therapeutic on ginger and garlic on tryps and should be considered when testing the plants' efficacy on Trypanosoma brucei brucei.
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