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1

The importance of precultures for micropropagation of explants containing endophytes

100%
Zenkteler E.
Biotechnologia
|
2001
|
issue 4
87-99
EN
An endophyte is a microorganism that spends most of its life cycle inter- or intra-cellularily of the host organism without causing its disease. As a result of the high frequency of endophytes in plants, it is virtually impossible to isolate tissue or cell explants free from contaminants. Consequently, preculture (i.e. ??stage 0?) is necessary before disinfecting and stabilisation of in vitro cultures, to eliminate explants that are sources of persistent contamination. Particularly dangerous are latent bacterial contaminants, which initially do not cause any symptoms and are propagated with plant material. Their presence becomes conspicuous after the passage to a sucrose-free medium or after transplantation to the soil. This paper reviews the modern methods of treatment that are recommended or have already been widely used to control viruses, phytoplasmas, bacteria, yeast and other fungi associated with tissues of propagated plants.
2

Differentiation of generative organs in dioecious species

63%
Dastych W., Zenkteler E.
Biotechnologia
|
2010
|
issue 2
38-56
EN
Flowering plants are mostly hermaphroditic (i.e. bear both stamens and pistils). In the course of evolution such progenitors have repeatedly given rise to species with separate male and female individuals. Plants display a great variety of sexual systems that could be reduced to three types: 1) the two sexes occurring on separate plant; 2) both sexes occurring in the same individual; 3) a combination of the former possibilities. Gender is determined by genotype, but the mechanisms of determination are extremely diverse among species. The determinants of sexual phenotype range from sex chromosomes (Silene latifolia), through hormonal regulation (in Cucumis sativa), to pheromonal contacts (between fern gametophytes). Salix viminalis, as a dioecious species, revealed sexual dimorphism (occurring in a flowering stage). In their breeding as a short-rotation energy crop, an early determination of sex would be necessary to remove, for agronomic reasons, the male plants. Within Salicaceae a multi-locus sex determination system is the main model of sexual differentiation. Despite the fact that a great progress has been achieved in identification of genes that regulate sex expression, future efforts will be necessary to recognize these processes at the molecular level.
3

The control and eradication of bacterial infections and contaminations in plant tissue culture

51%
Orlikowska T., Sobiczewski P., Zawadzka M., Zenkteler E.
Biotechnologia
|
2010
|
issue 2
57-71
EN
Bacterial contamination is a serious problem in plant tissue culture. In in vitro cultures, if bacteria are introduced, it is most frequently with the initial explants, but bacterial contamination can also come from the laboratory environment or from the staff themselves. Exogenous bacteria are easier to deal with, but endogenous bacteria remain problematic. Standard sterilization with ethanol, NaOCl or HgCl2 and with antibiotics can now be enriched with new components (NaDCC, AgNO3, nano-silver) or sanitation products (PPMTM, ProClin? 300, Biosept 33 SL, Vitrofural?, Dekaben). Some of these can be incorporated into a multiplication and rooting medium for one or more passages, if they are not phytotoxic to the plant explants. A special problem is presented by cryptic or viable but not cultivable bacteria which can be unable to multiply during many passages, but finally be disclosed in mass. The issue is, therefore, to find and apply tools for detection of different media and/or molecular markers. The above questions are discussed in the present paper based on the literature and results of our own study.
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