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Halophilic microorganisms in deteriorated historic buildings: insights into their characteristics

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Adamiak J., Otlewska A., Gutarowska B., Pietrzak A.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2016
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vol. 63
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issue 2
335-341
EN
Historic buildings are constantly being exposed to numerous climatic changes such as damp and rainwater. Water migration into and out of the material's pores can lead to salt precipitation and the so-called efflorescence. The structure of the material may be seriously threatened by salt crystallization. A huge pressure is produced when salt hydrates occupy larger spaces, which leads at the end to cracking, detachment and material loss. Halophilic microorganisms have the ability to adapt to high salinity because of the mechanisms of inorganic salt (KCl or NaCl) accumulation in their cells at concentrations isotonic to the environment, or compatible solutes uptake or synthesis. In this study, we focused our attention on the determination of optimal growth conditions of halophilic microorganisms isolated from historical buildings in terms of salinity, pH and temperature ranges, as well as biochemical properties and antagonistic abilities. Halophilic microorganisms studied in this paper could be categorized as a halotolerant group, as they grow in the absence of NaCl, as well as tolerate higher salt concentrations (Staphylococcus succinus, Virgibacillus halodenitrificans). Halophilic microorganisms have been also observed (Halobacillus styriensis, H. hunanensis, H. naozhouensis, H. litoralis, Marinococcus halophilus and yeast Sterigmatomyces halophilus). With respect to their physiological characteristics, cultivation at a temperature of 25-30°C, pH 6-7, NaCl concentration for halotolerant and halophilic microorganisms, 0-10% and 15-30%, respectively, provides the most convenient conditions. Halophiles described in this study displayed lipolytic, glycolytic and proteolytic activities. Staphylococcus succinus and Marinococcus halophilus showed strong antagonistic potential towards bacteria from the Bacillus genus, while Halobacillus litoralis displayed an inhibiting ability against other halophiles.
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Współczesne metody stosowane w analizie biodeterioracji obiektów zabytkowych

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Adamiak J., Otlewska A., Gutarowska B.
Kosmos
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2015
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vol. 64
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issue 1
57-69
PL
Interpretacja zjawiska biodeterioracji obiektów muzealnych wymaga podjęcia działań obejmujących identyfikację dominujących gatunków mikroorganizmów oraz ustalenie związku pomiędzy cechami metabolicznymi zidentyfikowanych mikroorganizmów a właściwościami chemicznymi badanych materiałów. Z tego powodu konieczność opracowywania i wdrażania nowych metod badawczych wydaje się nieodzowna. Do precyzyjnego określenia przynależności taksonomicznej drobnoustrojów pochodzących z badanej próby, również tych niehodowalnych w warunkach laboratoryjnych, przyczynił się rozwój metod molekularnych: genetycznego fingerprintingu (m.in. DGGE/TGGE, T-RFLP, SSCP, ARISA, ARDRA), sekwencjonowania rRNA, narzędzi bioinformatycznych, czy metagenomiki. Oznaczenie określonych biomolekuł na powierzchniach zabytkowych, będących następstwem rozwoju drobnoustrojów, oparte jest na stosunkowo młodej dyscyplinie, metabolomice. Całość dopełniają metody analityczne (takie jak np. SEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR), dzięki którym można określić skutki interakcji drobnoustrojów z materiałem zabytkowym oraz mechanizm biodeterioracji. W artykule przedstawiono i scharakteryzowano współczesne techniki pozwalające ocenić zjawisko biodeterioracji materiałów zabytkowych.
EN
Incomplete knowledge of agents responsible for biodeterioration of the museum objects prevents from introducing effective restoration strategies. For proper conservation approaches it is necessary to identify complete microbial consortium inhabiting a given object, as well as, to find connections between products of microbial metabolism and chemical features of the material the object is made of. Therefore, development and application new methods for the study of biodeterioration of historical objects seems to be indispensable. To precisely determine the taxonomic position of microorganisms inhabiting museum objects, the evaluation of different existing molecular techniques is necessary, for instance genetic fingerprinting, ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, bioinformatics or metagenomics. Identification of microbial metabolic products is possible with the help of recently emerged approach, metabolomics. In this paper some current research techniques in use for the evaluation of biodeterioration of historical objects are presented.
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Application of molecular techniques for the assessment of microorganism diversity on cultural heritage objects

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Otlewska A., Adamiak J., Gutarowska B.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
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2014
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vol. 61
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issue 2
217-225
EN
As a result of their unpredictable ability to adapt to varying environmental conditions, microorganisms inhabit different types of biological niches on Earth. Owing to the key role of microorganisms in many biogeochemical processes, trends in modern microbiology emphasize the need to know and understand the structure and function of complex microbial communities. This is particularly important if the strategy relates to microbial communities that cause biodeterioration of materials that constitute our cultural heritage. Until recently, the detection and identification of microorganisms inhabiting objects of cultural value was based only on cultivation-dependent methods. In spite of many advantages, these methods provide limited information because they identify only viable organisms capable of growth under standard laboratory conditions. However, in order to carry out proper conservation and renovation, it is necessary to know the complete composition of microbial communities and their activity. This paper presents and characterizes modern techniques such as genetic fingerprinting and clone library construction for the assessment of microbial diversity based on molecular biology. Molecular methods represent a favourable alternative to culture-dependent methods and make it possible to assess the biodiversity of microorganisms inhabiting technical materials and cultural heritage objects.
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