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Znaczenie obszarów chronionych dla zachowania zasobów grzybów entomopatogenicznych

100%

Bałazy S.

Kosmos

2004

vol. 53

issue 1

5-16

Summary Entomopathogenic fungi are a group of microorganisms important for the regulation of arthropod populations both in natural and managed ecosystems. Hence, they have been for a long time of pest control interest and numerous species have been included into integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. Long-term studies on their occurrence in terrestrial habitats showed strong impoverishment of their diversity in agricultural landscape, as compared with forests, in general, and with different legally protected areas, such as national parks, nature reserves, landscape parks, biodiversity refuges and their protected zones. The protected areas as favouring rich diversity of arthropods perform well the function of their pathogens' refuges, thanks to great differentiation of habitats and - what is especially important for the fungi - to maintenance of appropriate humidity conditions in many-layered vegetation. From the total number of 210 species of the entomopathogenic fungi reported within these investigations more than 60% were collected in such legally protected ecosystems or areas deserving protection. Only less than 20 species of entomopathogenic hyphomycetes and entomophthorales occur more or less regularly in one-year cereal and row crops, and not more than 3-5 species significantly influence at times some pest insect populations (for instance Entomophthora muscae affecting anthomyid flies - mostly Delia floralis, E. planchoniana and Pandora neoaphidis on aphids or Beauveria bassiana causing autumnal mortality of the Colorado potato beetle and Sitona weevils). Quantitative estimations showed highly significant differences in spore and infected host cadavers densities between arable fields and all other habitats - including perennial crops of clover and alfalfa, extensively utilized meadows, mid-field, shelterbelts and woodlots, swamps and riparian plant communities surrounding water bodies. All these marginal habitats are characterized by greater than cereal and row crops diversities of arthropods and by the increased number of entomopathogenic fungi in agricultural landscape up to about 60 species. However, in structurally simplified landscapes of big fields devoid of afforestations and differentiating them natural or seminatural elements these fungi are by a half less numerous, and only weeds, grassy balks or roadsides, if present, enrich their diversity. Generally, differentiation, immediate proximity of meadows, forests, nature reserves, swamps and abandoned fields or non utilized grasslands, as well as limited tillage and pesticide application, should be considered the main factors contributing to enhancement in agricultural areas of their resources and diversity.

Roztocze fitofagiczne jako mało znana grupa gospodarzy grzybów entomopatogenicznych

51%

Tkaczuk C., Miętkiewski R., Bałazy S.

Kosmos

2004

vol. 53

issue 1

59-68

Summary Little is known about parasitic fungi associated with mites, but interest in them is growing because of their potential as agents for biological control of many pests and diseases vectors among these arthropods. An overview is given of studies on fungal diseases of phytophagous mites. Most of these studies concern on fungal pathogens of eriophyoids and spidermites. The most frequently encountered pathogens of mites belong to the genera Neozygites of the order Entomophthorales and Hirsutella of the hyphomycetous anamorphs. These two fungal genera differ not only taxonomically but they also have different biology and pathogenic abilities. Neozygites floridana is a common species causing epizootics in spider mite populations, while fungi from the genus Hirsutella seem to be more specific to eriophyoid mites. They are of special interest because most of their strains can be grown on artificial media and multiplicated by this means for application against pest mites. Fungus H. thompsonii commercial mycoacaricide Mycar was produced for the control of eriophyoid mites on citrus. gThe state of the knowledge about the mycoses of mites should be estimated as initial and further research is required to clarify the taxonomic anamorph - teleomorph alliances of fungal pathogens of mites especially fromthe genus Hirsutella, and to study their ecology in order to develop their efficient biotechnologiecal utilization for pest control.

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Znaczenie obszarów chronionych dla zachowania zasobów grzybów entomopatogenicznych

Roztocze fitofagiczne jako mało znana grupa gospodarzy grzybów entomopatogenicznych