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1

Biologically active compounds from selected aphyllophorales mycelial cultures

100%

Sułkowska-Ziaja K., Muszyńska B., Firlej A.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Biologica et Oecologica

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2014

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vol. 10

73-79

PL

Grzyby z gromady Basidiomycota od dawna budzą zainteresowanie ze względu na występowanie w ich owocnikach szeregu związków o uznanych właściwościach leczniczych. Obiektem przeprowadzonych badań były kultury mycelialne dwóch gatunków grzybów afylloforoidalnych występujących na terenie Polski Hydnum repandum L. oraz Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) Fr. Celem podjętych badań była jakościowa i ilościowa analiza ekstraktów otrzymanych z kultur mycelialnych pod kątem występowania związków o udokumentowanej aktywności biologicznej: kwasów fenolowych, niehalucynogennych związków indolowych oraz steroli. Do oznaczeń wykorzystano wysokosprawną chromatografię cieczową faz odwróconych (RP-HPLC). Na podstawie analizy stwierdzono w ekstraktach z otrzymanej biomasy obecność ośmiu kwasów fenolowych: galusowego, gentyzynowego, p-hydroksybenzoesowego, kawowego, kumarowego, protokatechowego, syryngowego, wanilinowego oraz kwasu cynamonowego. Ilościowo dominującym związkiem był kwas protokatechowy w ilości 6,23 μg/g s.m. (H. repandum) oraz kwas hydroksybenzoesowy w ilości 4,52 μg/g s.m. (S. crispa). Spośród związków pochodnych indolu ilościowo oznaczono: indol, serotoninę, tryptaminę i tryptofan. Całkowita ich zawartość wynosiła 1,28 μg/g s. m. (ekstrakty z H. repandum) oraz 3,07 μg/g s.m. (ekstrakty z S.crispa). Ilościowo dominującym metabolitem był tryptofan. Spośród steroli oznaczono ergosterol w biomasie z kultur in vitro S. crispa (700,87 μg/g s.m). Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że przebadane kultury mycelialne krajowych gatunków grzybów afylloforoidalnych są zdolne do akumulacji metabolitów aktywnych biologicznie.

EN

For a long time fungi belonging to Basidiomycota phylum have been in the center of attention because of the presence in their fruiting bodies of compounds with known therapeutic activity. Mycelial cultures of two aphyllophorales species occurring in Poland, Hydnum repandum L., and Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) Fr., were analyzed in our study. The main aim of the study was qualitative and quantitative analysis of extracts obtained from the mycelial cultures for the presence of known biologically active compounds, including phenolic acids, non-hallucinogenic indole compounds and sterols. For analyses a reversed-phase chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was used. The presence of eight phenolic acids including gallic, gentisic, p-hydroxybenzoic, caffeic, p-coumaric protocatechuic, syringic, vanillic and cinnamic acids was confirmed in the extracts obtained from the biomass. The quantitatively predominant metabolites in biomass from in vitro cultures of H. repandum and S. crispa were protocatechuic acid (6.23 μg/g DW) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (4.52 μg/g DW). Derivatives of indole such as indole, serotonin, tryptamine and tryptophan were measured quantitatively. Their total content was estimated as 1.28 μg/g DW and 3.07 μg/g DW in H. repandum and S. crispa extracts, respectively. The major metabolite found was tryptophan. In addition, ergosterol, one of the sterols present in the biomass of in vitro cultures of S. crispa was analyzed (700.87 μg/g DW). The obtained results confirm the hypothesis that mycelial cultures of domestic species of aphyllophorales are able to accumulate biologically active metabolites.

2

Wood decay mushrooms of the genus ganoderma as a source of biologically active triterpenes

100%

Sułkowska-Ziaja K., Piechaczek M., Pacławska A., Muszyńska B.

Medicina Internacia Revuo

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2017

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vol. 28

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issue 109

237-245

EN

Species of the genus Ganoderma are an example of some of the most thoroughly studied representatives of Basidiomycota both in terms of chemical composition and biological activity. Among the compounds found in this kind, the therapeutic effect is primarily associated with the polysaccharides that are heteroglycans or β-D-glucans and terpenoids represented mainly by triterpenes. Triterpene compounds have a structure composed of 30 carbon atoms, usually forming a system of five six-membered rings. Characteristic of these structures are functional groups (hydroxyl, carboxyl or ketone) and double bonds. Mycochemical studies have led to the isolation of numerous triterpenes of the lanostane type (ganoderic acids, aldehydes, alcohols, esters), lucidenic acids and others from various species of the Ganoderma genus. The broad spectrum of biological activity determined by triterpene compounds includes anti- tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, and antiviral effects. This work describes biologically active triterpenes in selected species of the genus Ganoderma: Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma adspersum, Ganoderma pfeifferi, Ganoderma colossum and others. These species are sources of natural compounds valued for thousands of years in the traditional medicine of the Far East, while ongoing research has confirmed their medicinal properties nowadays.

3

Analysis of indole derivatives in methanolic extracts from mycelium of Agaricus bisporus cultured in vitro on liquid Oddoux medium

88%

Muszyńska B., Sułkowska-Ziaja K., Hałaszczuk P., Krężałek R., Łojewski M.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Biologica et Oecologica

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2014

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vol. 10

66-72

PL

Lecznicze i przeciwutleniające właściwości grzybów są doskonałym połączeniem, które stanowi o ich wartości dietetycznej i umożliwia korzystanie z nich zarówno, jako żywności jak i dodatku żywieniowego. Celem niniejszej pracy była analiza zawartości fizjologicznie aktywnych związków indolowych w mycelium z kultur in vitro Agaricus bisporus (pieczarka dwuzarodnikowa). L-tryptofan, egzogenny aminokwas i jego pochodne, takie jak np. 5-hydroksytryptofan, muszą być dostarczane z pokarmem w codziennej diecie. Związki te mają działanie przeciwdepresyjne, są bezpośrednimi prekursorami serotoniny, a w przeciwieństwie do niej przekraczają barierę krew – mózg. Są też biogenetycznymi prekursorami innych związków indolowych, które pełnią funkcję neuroprzekaźników, co uzasadnia oznaczanie ich zawartości w grzybach jadalnych. Materiał do badań stanowiły owocniki A. bisporus pochodzenia komercyjnego. Z owocników A. bisporus wyprowadzono kultury in vitro na podłożu stałym Oddoux (1957). Eksperymentalne kultury in vitro prowadzono na płynnym, wytrząsanym podłożu Oddoux. Co dwa tygodnie prowadzenia kultur pasażowano je na świeżą pożywkę. Biomasę mrożono i suszono metodą liofilizacji. Otrzymaną biomasę z kultur in vitro analizowano jakościowo i ilościowo metodą HPLC na obecność niehalucynogennych związków indolowych. Po raz pierwszy zidentyfikowane i ilościowo oznaczone zostały związki indolowe w kulturach in vitro Agaricus bisporus na płynnym podłożu wg Oddoux. Analiza wykazała, że ekstrakty metanolowe otrzymane z grzybni zawierają sześć związków indolowych: L -tryptofan, 5 - hydroksytryptofan, serotoninę, melatoninę, tryptaminę i 5-metylotryptamię. Zawartości poszczególnych składników w biomasie z kultur in vitro były zróżnicowane w zakresie od 0,01 do 21,33 mg/100 g s. m. Dominującymi ilościowo związkami były: 5-hydroksytryptofan (12,50 mg/100 g s. m.), L-tryptofan (14,00 mg/100 g) i serotonina (7,00 mg/100 g). Całkowita zawartość związków indolowych w badanym materiale wynosiła 55,32 mg/100 g s. m. Biomasa z kultur in vitro badanego gatunku jest dobrym źródłem 5-hydroksytryptofanu i L- tryptofanu. Kultury in vitro A. bisporus mogą być wykorzystane jako model do badań nad akumulacją i metabolizmem związków indolowych.

EN

Methanolic extracts obtained from biomass of Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) Imbach cultured in vitro were analyzed for qualitative and quantitative composition of non-hallucinogenic indole compounds in order to compare their amount with fruiting bodies of these species. Extracts demonstrated to contain six indole compounds. Contents of individual compounds ranged from 0.01 to 21.33 mg/100 g d.w. in biomass from in vitro cultures. The quantitatively dominating compounds included: 5-hydroxytryptophan (12.50 mg/100 g d.w.), L-tryptophan (14.00 mg/100 g d.w.) and serotonin (7.00 mg/100 g d.w.). Total content of the remaining indole compounds under analysis in the study was 55.32 mg/100 g d.w.

4

Anti-inflammatory activities of garlic sprouts, a source of α-linolenic acid and 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan, in RAW 264.7 cells

88%

Gdula-Argasińska J., Paśko P., Sułkowska-Ziaja K., Kała K., Muszyńska B.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

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2017

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vol. 64

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issue 3

551-559

EN

The purpose of this study was to analyze the indolic, phenolic, and fatty acid content and antioxidant activity of garlic sprouts growing in the dark and in the daylight. The pro- or anti-inflammatory properties of the garlic sprout extract were investigated by evaluating the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E synthase (cPGES), glutathione S transferase (GSTM1), nuclear factor NF-κB, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) protein levels in the RAW 264.7 cells activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The highest amount of total indolic (73.56 mg/100 g f.w.) and phenolic compounds (36.23 mg/100 g f.w.) was detected in garlic sprouts grown in the daylight. Studies on antioxidant activity (the FRAP and DPPH method) of garlic sprouts showed that this activity is significantly higher for sprouts grown in full access to light when compared to those grown in the dark. In garlic sprout extracts, α-linolenic acid (ALA) was found to be in greater amount. COX-2 and cPGES level was lower when compared to LPS alone activated cells. After garlic extract treatment, higher level of GSTM1, PPARΥ, cytosolic p50 and p65 protein, as well as a lower NF-ĸB p50/p65 activity was noted in the RAW 264.7 cells which suggested PPARs and AhR transrepression mechanism of NF-ĸB signalling. The obtained results indicate Allium sativum sprouts are a rich source of n-3 fatty acids, indolic and phenolic compounds characterized by anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activity, which may support their high therapeutic and dietary potential.

5

Analysis of the content of phenolic compounds in in vitro culture of some edible mushrooms (Basidiomycota)

76%

Muszyńska B., Kała K., Sułkowska-Ziaja K., Szewczyk A., Łojewski M., Rojowski J.

Medicina Internacia Revuo

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2015

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vol. 26

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issue 104

146-152

EN

Phenolic compounds, both derivatives of benzoic and cinnammic acid, possess biologically valuable properties: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic and others. Studies of the accumulation of these compounds focused mostly on plant material. Rich sources of these compounds are representatives of Basidiomycota taxon. The aim of the study was qualitative and quantitative HPLC analysis of phenolic acids in biomass from in vitro culture of selected edible mushroom species belonging to the phylum Basidiomycota: Agaricus bisporus, Boletus badius, Cantharellus cibarius. The investigations revealed the presence of the following acids: p-hydroxybenzoic, syringic and galic acid. Both the composition and the amount of phenolic acids in biomass of A. bisporus and Boletus badius were diverse. The total amount ranged from 6.07 mg·100 g−1 DW in A. bisporus to 14.78 mg·100 g−1 DW in Boletus badius. Syryngic acid amounts fluctuated in the range of 1.75–9.66 mg·100 g−1 DW, with its maximum in Boletus badius. Gallic acid dominated in the biomass of the same species (5.12 mg·100 g−1 DW). p-Hydroxybenzoic acid was found in biomass from in vitro culture of A. bisporus at levels 0.70 mg/100 g DW. In biomass of in vitro culture of Cantharellus cibarius no phenolic compounds were found before and after hydrolysis. The results of HPLC analyses show that in vitro culture of B. badius and A. bisporus are a good dietary source of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity.

6

RELEASE OF BIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES FROM FORMULATIONS CONTAINING ARTHROSPIRA PLATENSIS (SPIRULINA PLATENSIS)

64%

Muszyńska B., Lazur J., Jękot B., Krakowska A., Szewczyk A., Sułkowska-Ziaja K., Zimmer Ł., Poleszak E., Opoka W.

Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research

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2018

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vol. 75

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issue 5

1187-1199

EN

Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina platensis) is a well-known microalga and has been utilized as a medicinal agent and foodstuff by humans since at least 16th century. The aim of this study was to determine zinc content as well as determine phenolic and indole compounds from commercial preparations containing Arthrospira platensis (lyophilizate, tablets, and capsules) before and after extraction with methanol and incubation with artificial digestive juices. The secondary aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of these preparations. The samples were incubated in artificial stomach juice and in intestinal juice. The samples were mineralized and their zinc(II) ions content was estimated using flame absorption atomic spectroscopy (F-AAS). The maximum zinc(II) ions content released into the digestive juices was found to be up to 1.6 mg 100 g-1 of the preparation. Phenolic compounds identified in the examined extracts are as follows: gallic acid; protocatechuic acid; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; p-hydroxybenzoic acid; syringe acid; cinnamic acid; and quercetin. Furthermore, indole compounds identified were 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan, 5-methyl-L-tryptophan, L-tryptophan, tryptamine, and 5-methyltryptamine. Consequently, it was also found that the distributed Arthrospira platensis in the form of tablets does not disintegrate in the artificial digestive juices. Among the examined preparations, only hard capsules met the requirements of the European Pharmacopeia 8th ed.

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