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Pharmacological, Biochemical and Therapeutic Potential of Milk Thistle (Silymarin): A Review

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Adetuyi B. O., Omolabi F. K., Olajide P. A., Oloke J. K.

World News of Natural Sciences

2021

vol. 37

75-91

Silymarin, a flavonolignan from the seeds of 'milk thistle' (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.)), has been widely used from ancient times because of its excellent hepato-protective action. It is a mixture of mainly three flavonolignans, which are, silybin, silidianin, and silychristin, with silybin being the most active. Silymarin has been used medicinally to treat liver disorders, including acute and chronic viral hepatitis, toxin/drug-induced hepatitis, and cirrhosis and alcoholic liver diseases. It has also been reported to be effective in certain cancers. Its mechanism of action includes inhibition of hepatotoxin binding to receptor sites on the hepatocyte membrane; reduction of glutathione oxidation to enhance its level in the liver and intestine; antioxidant activity; and stimulation of ribosomal RNA polymerase and subsequent protein synthesis, leading to enhanced hepatocyte regeneration. It is orally absorbed but has very poor bioavailability due to its poor water solubility. This review focuses on the various pharmacological activities of silymarin.

Phytochemical and in vitro antioxidant assessment of Yoyo bitters

64%

James-Okoro P.-P. O., Iheagwam F. N., Sholeye M. I., Umoren I. A., Adetuyi B. O., Ogundipe A. E., Braimah A. A., Adekunbi T. S., Ogunlana O. E., Ogunlana O. O.

World News of Natural Sciences

2021

vol. 37

1-17

In this paper, herbal bitters are widely used due to their numerous acclaimed health benefits in many Nigerian homes; however, many have not been subjected to scientific scrutiny. The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity of a non-alcoholic polyherbal formulation, Yoyo bitters, towards validating its broad pharmacological claims. The phytochemical components of Yoyo bitters were ascertained by phytochemical screening assays and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity was investigated in vitro using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of Yoyo bitters showed the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides and anthocyanins. The total phenols, flavonoids, flavanols, tannins and carotenoids content were 14.741 ±0.64 mg GAE/ml, 0.152 ±0.01 mg RE/ml, 0.437 ±0.02 mg RE/ml, 0.368 ±0.04 mg TAE/ml and 0.016 ±0.00 mg CAE/ml respectively. GC-MS chromatogram revealed the presence of forty-three (43) phytochemical compounds with D-allose (41.81%), 1,6-anhydro-beta-D-glucofuranose (24.15%), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (8.02%) and Z-6-pentadecen-1-ol acetate (3.50%) as the most abundant constituents. Yoyo bitters demonstrated effective antioxidant activity against DPPH and H2O2 with IC50 values of 0.492 mg/ml and 0.629 mg/ml respectively compared to ascorbic acid of 0.161 mg/ml and 0.130 mg/ml respectively. Total antioxidant capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power of Yoyo bitters were 0.432 mg AAE/ml and 2.236 mg AAE/ml respectively. This study validates the antioxidant capacity of Yoyo bitters and provides chemical basis for its acclaimed pharmacological actions.

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2 World News of Natural Sciences

2 2021

2 Adetuyi B. O.

1 Adekunbi T. S.

1 Braimah A. A.

1 Iheagwam F. N.

1 James-Okoro P.-P. O.

1 Ogundipe A. E.

1 Ogunlana O. E.

1 Ogunlana O. O.

1 Olajide P. A.

1 Oloke J. K.

1 Omolabi F. K.

1 Sholeye M. I.

1 Umoren I. A.

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Pharmacological, Biochemical and Therapeutic Potential of Milk Thistle (Silymarin): A Review

Phytochemical and in vitro antioxidant assessment of Yoyo bitters