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The effectiveness of screening for major cardiovascular risk factors in the population of small towns in Poland

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Rutkowski M., Wierucki Ł., Wojciechowska A., Zdrojewski T.
European Journal of Translational and Clinical Medicine
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2021
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vol. 4
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issue 1
57-64
EN
Background: Screening represents an important tool to improve detection of cardiovascular risk factors. Uniform standards for screening programs and for evaluation of their effectiveness are still lacking. Material and methods: The results of the Polish 400 Cities Project (P400CP) were analyzed by age and gender, and with regard to the prevalence and awareness of cardiovascular risk factors. The P400CP population were volunteers reporting for screening tests in small towns, and a representative sample was used as control. Results: Mean age in the screening group was 10 years more than in the representative sample. Two thirds of participants were women. First-time diagnosis rates for elevated arterial blood pressure, hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia in the screening were 28%, 15% and 51%, respectively. Almost 40% of participants reported previously diagnosed hypertension (vs. 25% of the control sample), 7% vs. 4% reported diabetes and 16% vs. 9% – hypercholesterolemia. Smokers represented 16.5% of participants (36% of the control sample). Conclusions: “Open” screening programs fail in targeting young adults, especially males, and people reporting for screening are often already diagnosed with arterial hypertension and/or diabetes. Despite these limitations, “open” screening is effective in detecting undiagnosed cases of hypercholesterolemia. Non-smokers report for screening tests more often.
2
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Is there any variability in the level of cortisol, corticosterone and cortisone of healthy volunteers versus women and men with elevated cholesterol?

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Konieczna L., Puch-Walczak A., Zdrojewski T., Bączek T.
European Journal of Translational and Clinical Medicine
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2021
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vol. 4
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issue 2
68-74
EN
Background: Cardiovascular diseases with the accompanied elevated level of total cholesterol have been a major problem in society for the last several decades. They belong to the diseases of civilization which affect people at an increasingly young age. For this reason, our aim was to investigate whether the concentrations of selected steroids are related to elevated total cholesterol in people without diagnosed cardiovascular diseases. Material and methods: The study involved 71 plasma samples. 19 of them were obtained from women and men with elevated cholesterol levels, whereas 52 samples were from healthy volunteers (control group). Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) validated method followed by solid-phase extraction procedure were applied to measure the plasma concentrations of the three endogenous glucocorticosteroids (cortisol, corticosterone and cortisone). Results: Statistically significant differences between the concentration of cortisol were noted among healthy women and women with elevated cholesterol. The measured concentrations of cortisol in healthy women and men are comparable, 111.19 ng/mL and 112.22 ng/mL. respectively. However, the concentrations of cortisol in the elevated cholesterol group was significantly lower among women with elevated cholesterol than in healthy women (74.13 ng/mL and 111.19 ng/mL respectively). The concentration of cortisol for men with elevated cholesterol was 38.60 ng/mL. Hence, it is much higher than in women with elevated cholesterol and higher than in the case of healthy men. Distinctive changes can be observed also for corticosterone measured for both women and men. Conclusions: The observed differences on the level of steroids between healthy control group and patients with elevated cholesterol can be considered as worthy of further investigation from both biochemical as well as clinical points of view.
3
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Analysis of diabetes-related complications and the cost of diabetes in Poland. The methodology and the research sample used in Economedica DM-PL Survey

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Bogusławski S., Wojciechowska A., Smaga A., Strojek K., Wróbel K., Wojtyniak B., Juszczyk G., Czech M., Zdrojewski T.
European Journal of Translational and Clinical Medicine
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2023
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vol. 6
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issue 1
31-40
EN
Background: Knowledge about diabetes mellitus (DM)-related complications, the direct and indirect costs incur red by patients with DM is still insufficient in Poland. Economedica DM-PL (Economedica) survey was a cross-sectional observational study that aimed to assess these issues. Material and methods: The survey was carried out in 2016 on a representative sample of 2032 diabetic patients recruited by 195 general practioners (GP) and 48 diabetologists (D) randomly selected from the national registry of physicians. Each GP and D recruited 8 to 10 patients with DM according to the specified protocol. The study included 1938 medical questionnaires (comple ted by the GPs and Ds), 1938 questionnaires about costs (completed by the patients) and 1532 treatment adherence questionnaires. Results: The Economedica survey provided new insights into DM epidemiological and cost data. 70% of patients with type-1 DM were diagnosed with the disease before the age of 40. For 76% patients with type-2 DM, it was diagnosed aeftr the age of 50. The average monthly out-of-pocket medical costs for DM patients in 2016 reached 66.2 EUR, while their non-medical costs were 36.8 EUR. Conclusions: The methodology applied in our study proved useful for providing new dimensions of DM epidemiological and cost data in Poland.
4
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Statistical methods for the assessment of students' knowledge as illustrated by the Introduction to Internal Medicine exam

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Stefański A. I., Bladowska N., Więczkowska A., Wojtyniak B., Ignaszewska-Wyrzykowska A., Jasiel-Wojculewicz H., Jendrzejewski J., Rutkowski M., Zdrojewski T.
European Journal of Translational and Clinical Medicine
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2019
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vol. 2
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issue 1
22-27
EN
Background: We wanted to develop substantial and statistical methodology for complex assessment of quality of teaching in internal medicine at a medical university. Our aim was also to check the connection between the results obtained during the midterm and final exam. Material and methods: We compared the results obtained by Polish (PD, n=235) and English Division (ED, n=81) students achieved during the midterm exam and multiple-choice final exam. The mean scores were calculated with t-Student test. For further evaluation Wilcoxon tests were used with the Bonferroni correction, The Stuart-Maxwell test was carried out to verify the hypothesis about correlations between results in the midterm and final exam. Results: The mean midterm exam score was 84.4% in PD and 72.6% in ED (p <0.0001) and mean final exam score was respectively 72.3% and 55.6% (p <0.0001). Good result of the final exam was obtained by 62% of students Conclusions: It is crucial to use appropriate tools to grade the quality of teaching. To evaluate that one should use advance statistical tests. The fact that ED students achieve less points on the exams might have several reasons such as the language barrier. Obtaining a good result during midterm exam does not guarantee passing the final exam.
5
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Statistical methods for the assessment of students' knowledge as illustrated by the Introduction to Internal Medicine exam

64%
Stefański A. I., Bladowska N., Więczkowska A., Wojtyniak B., Ignaszewska-Wyrzykowska A., Jasiel-Wojculewicz H., Jendrzejewski J., Rutkowski M., Zdrojewski T.
European Journal of Translational and Clinical Medicine
|
2019
|
vol. 2
|
issue 1
22-27
EN
Background We wanted to develop substantial and statistical methodology for complex assessment of quality of teaching in internal medicine at a medical university. Our aim was also to check the connection between the results obtained during the midterm and final exam. Material and methods We compared the results obtained by Polish (PD, n=235) and English Division (ED, n=81) students achieved during the midterm exam and multiple-choice final exam. The mean scores were calculated with t-Student test. For further evaluation Wilcoxon tests were used with the Bonferroni correction, The Stuart-Maxwell test was carried out to verify the hypothesis about correlations between results in the midterm and final exam. Results The mean midterm exam score was 84.4% in PD and 72.6% in ED (p <0.0001) and mean final exam score was respectively 72.3% and 55.6% (p <0.0001). Good result of the final exam was obtained by 62% of students who passed well the midterm exam. Conclusions It is crucial to use appropriate tools to grade the quality of teaching. To evaluate that one should use advance statistical tests. The fact that ED students achieve less points on the exams might have several reasons such as the language barrier. Obtaining a good result during midterm exam does not guarantee passing the final exam.
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