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Comparative evaluation of bioethanol production from cassava mill effluent and cassava peels using Zymomonas mobilis

100%
Amauche I. P., Umeuzuegbu J. C., Ezeugo J. O., Onyinye O. B.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2025
|
vol. 61
|
issue 1
1-56
EN
The environmental issues associated with fossil fuels have resulted to increase in research interest globally on alternative and renewable energy sources such as bioethanol that are sustainable and environmentally friendly. In Nigeria, the use of agricultural and bio-wastes such as cassava mills effluent and cassava peels for bioethanol production is yet to be harnessed effectively despite their rich carbohydrate content. This study is aimed at optimization of bioethanol produced from cassava mills effluent and cassava peels. The milled sample was subjected to pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation and distillation processes to produce bioethanol. The fermentation process were optimized using classical optimization technique of one factor at a time to determine the effect of the parameters on the yield of bioethanol respectively. For yield of bioethanol, the result obtained indicated the following optimal conditions: temperature of 80 °C at 24.49 g/l of bioethanol from cassava mill effluent, while 28.78 g/l of bioethanol was obtained from cassava peel at an optimal temperature of 75 °C. For an optimal agitation speed of 400 rpm, 27.84 g/l of bioethanol was obtained from cassava mill effluent, while 28.98 g/l of bioethanol was obtained from cassava peel at an optimal agitation speed of 300rpm. For an optimal time of 4hours reaction, 28.17 g/l of bioethanol was obtained from cassava mill effluent, while 28.98 g/l of bioethanol was obtained from cassava peel. At an optimal pH of 6, 28.08 g/l on bioethanol was obtained from cassava mill effluent, while 29.14 g/l yield of bioethanol was obtained from cassava peel at optimal pH of 5. At an optimal yeast concentration of 2.5 (w/w), the yield of bioethanol was 28.41 g/l and 30.04 g/l from cassava mill effluent and cassava peels respectively. The bioethanol produced was characterized for fuel properties such as boiling point (75 °C), flash point (39.40 °C and 40.03 °C) for cassava mill effluent and cassava peel respectively); kinematic viscosity: (0.8312 and 0.8316) at 30 °C for cassava mill effluent and cassava peel respectively; and (0.4893 and 0.5103) at 100 °C for cassava mill effluent and cassava peel respectively. refractive index (1.4103 and 1.4030), for cassava mill effluent and cassava peel respectively; density (0.400 kg/L and 0.757 kg/L) for cassava mill effluent and cassava peel respectively using ASTM methods and the results obtained revealed that they conform to the standard. Bioethanol yield was predicted using the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). With a predicted yield of 33.95% for cassava mill effluent and cassava peels 35.29%, RSM's ideal parameters were concentrations of cassava peel and cassava mill effluent. The ideal parameter for ANN is cassava mill effluent 38.21% and cassava peels was 41.36% respectively. In terms of estimation and data fitting, both models outperformed the others. These findings suggest that cassava mills effluent and cassava peels are good and sustainable feedstock for bioethanol production in Nigeria. Due to its relative abundance and availability for large scale production it should not be discarded in our environment as this is also a means of generating wealth from waste.
2
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Comparative Analysis of Heterogeneous Bio-Catalysts for the Production of Bio-Diesel from Pork Lard

100%
Chukwunonso M. P., Ikezue E. N., Ezeugo J. O., Amauche I. P.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2025
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vol. 61
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issue 2
270-311
EN
Large scale biodiesel production was produced through Trans esterification of oil from pork lard with methanol and calcium oxide (CaO) obtained from biological sources as catalysts using batch mode. The physicochemical properties of CaO catalysts obtained from chicken eggshells and pawpaw leaves were characterized and effects of key parameters like reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst concentration and methanol/oil molar ratio were determined using batch mode. These researches has experimentally develop a new method for lard by using suitable conditions of production with solvent blending. A polynomial equation was obtained for lard biodiesel yields as a function of synthesis parameters. The validity of the predictive model was confirmed by validation experiments. The suitable combination for high quality biodiesel production from lard was less than 2.0 wt. % catalyst with 10:1 methanol/lard molar ratio and 65.0 wt. % solvent additive. The significant point of this method was to use high solvent blending ratios for lard synthesis to overcome poor solubility problems between highly concentrated free fatty acid pork lard and catalyst. Using this method, gave high yields of biodiesel in short reaction time. The evaluation of the synthesis was made using gas chromatography. The final products fulfilled all the requirements of ASTM D6751-09 and EN 142:4 standards. Overall, this process can be useful for larger scale industrial process with low energy consumption.
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Comparative Production of Biodiesel Produced from Sand Box Seed Oil Produce from Heterogeneous Catalyst Obtained from Chicken Eggshell and Periwinkle Shell

100%
Lilian E. N., Chukwudi U. J., Ezeugo J. O., Amauche I. P.
World News of Natural Sciences
|
2025
|
vol. 63
|
issue 1
1-55
EN
To reduce fossil fuel dependent and greenhouse gasses, biomass energy is in high demand. The sandbox tree is a common species in Abia State, but its seed oil is unfit for human consumption. In order to ascertain if sandbox oil may be used as a feedstock for the manufacturing of biodiesel, sandbox seeds were gathered from the Abia State local government of Uturu. The oil of the seed was extracted and then converted into biodiesel by Transesterification using Cao oxide catalyst gotten from Egg shell and Periwinkle shell. The quality indices (acid, iodine and saponification values) were determined, followed by physiochemical and fuel properties of the oil and methyl esters produced. From the experiment carried out, the sandbox seed has an oil content of 46.7%, iodine value (80.21g 12 / 100g), saponification value (191.181 mg) and specific gravity of 0.8871. The effect process parameter (methanol/oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, temperature, reaction time and agitation speed) were also studied to determine the optimal conditions for methyl ester yield. The biodiesel yield obtained by transesterification with Egg shell catalyst was higher than that obtained by trans esterification with periwinkle shell catalyst. The fuel parameters of biodiesel produced using Egg shell are; Kinematic viscosity (4.10 mm2/s), density(0.86 kg/m3), flash point (77 °C), acid value (0.38 mg KOH/g), cloud point (-1.5 °C), and pour point (-6.0 °C), while the fuel parameters of the biodiesel produced using periwinkle shell catalyst are; Kinematic viscosity (4.05 mm2/s), density (0.84 kg/m3), flash point (74 °C), acid value (0.35 mg KOH/g), cloud point (-2.0 °C), and pour point (-7.0 °C). Therefore, the properties of both methyl esters after analysis, complies with ASTM biodiesel standards. These results suggest that sandbox seed oil is a good feedstock using both Egg shell and Periwinkle shell as catalyst for the production of biodiesel, to power Diesel engines without preheating system. These process parameters were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) and analysis of variance (ANOVA). This investigation has demonstrated that oil from sandbox oil can be used to produce biodiesel. A full factorial central composite design was used to establish the significance of the various process parameters and their combined effects on the transesterification efficiency. The results obtained are in good agreement with published data for other vegetable oil biodiesel as well as various international standards for biodiesel fuel. An optimal yield of 96% was achieved with optimal conditions of methanol/oil molar ratio, 6:3; temperature, 60 °C; time, 180 minutes; and catalyst concentration, 0.6%.
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