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Curbing Antimicrobial Resistance, for Better Development in the Health and Public Sector

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Njoku P. C., Ezeumeh I. E., Shehu A., Fayemi O. O., Faniyi A. J., Akinlalu A. O., Olagunju A. S.
World News of Natural Sciences
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2023
|
vol. 47
14-27
EN
With 1.27 million deaths in 2019, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has resulted in the deaths of more people than HIV/AIDS and malaria combined. AMR is listed among the top 10 global public health priorities by the WHO. The magnitude of the AMR burden is poorly prioritized in the public health sector, and its impact is difficult to accurately estimate due to a lack of sufficient data, especially in Africa. The misuse and overuse of antibiotics for various non-medical purposes is widely reported, especially in low-income developing countries, as one of the key contributors to AMR, yet little effort is put in place to curb the menace. Also, the clinical pipeline of new antimicrobials is scanty. This review explores the mechanism of AMR, the effects of AMR on health and the public sector with regard to morbidity, mortality, and economic losses, and the impact of COVID-19 on AMR. Recent potential therapies that are used to combat AMR, such as phage therapy, and how they could bring about development in the public health sector were discussed. Also, the impact of vaccines and preventive strategies to curb the spread of AMR in the public sector were highlighted.
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MicroRNA and Immune Response to Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections

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Agosile O. O., Benson U., Oduwe U., Okei N. C., Fajobi S. J., Akachukwu S. O., Oyetayo B. O., Faniyi A. J., Njoku P. C., Olagunju A. S.
World News of Natural Sciences
|
2022
|
vol. 44
24-42
EN
Several kinds of microRNA have been studied as prospective biomarkers in the pursuit of better diagnostics tests for infectious diseases. miRNA which is processed mostly from introns plays a significant role in gene expression involving cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, and immune response. Many miRNA mimics or inhibitors are in their clinical phases and advancement in RNA interference will make miRNA become effective tools in the treatment of human infectious diseases. miRNA has been discovered to be largely involved in viral gene regulation as well as the change of host cellular genes during viral infections. The role of miRNA in most bacterial infections has not been thoroughly explored compared to viral infections. Recent studies have highlighted the vital role of host immunity against bacterial infections. miRNA that is sequenced due to fungal infections bear a close similarity to those produced in response to allergy or inflammation. Host-derived miRNA plays a vital role in immune regulation; inflammatory responses may be enhanced or inhibited by its upregulation or downregulation. Here, we outlined the involvement of microRNA in viral, fungal, and bacterial infections and the immune response associated. Further studies on these, will provide advanced diagnostic and treatment protocols for infectious diseases.
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